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Fig. 5 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird

Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of 714 most parsimonious trees (L = 331, CI = 0.32, RI = 0.57) resulting from an analysis that, concerning the extant taxa, was constrained to the results of current molecular analyses (Prum et al. 2015; Kuhl et al. 2021). Extinct taxa are indicated by a dagger.

Fig. 3 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird

Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird

Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a "mousebird-like" tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird

Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views; A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view; A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views; A25, A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views; A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2006View details →

Fig. 4 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 4. Angles between furcular arms in non−avian theropods and birds. Data sources listed in Table 1.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2006View details →

Fig. 1 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 1. Scapular position and glenoid orientation in articulated skeletons of non−avian dinosaurs, with glenoids indicated by arrows. A. Dorsal view of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus mongoliensis, AMNH 6254, showing lateral position and wide spacing of scapulae. B. Lateral view of the ornithischian dinosaur Centrosaurus apertus, AMNH 5351, showing ventral orientation of glenoid and position of glenoid anteroventral to ribcage. C. Lateral view of the ornithomimid theropod dinosaur Struthiomimus altus, AMNH 5339, showing position of glenoid anteroventral to ribcage. D. The deinonychosaurian theropod dinosaur Velociraptor mongoliensis, IGM 100/976, in dorsal (D1), right lateral (D2), and anterior (D3) views, with the furcula outlined in white for clarity, showing that the scapulae are widely spaced, laterally positioned, and exhibit ventrally oriented glenoids, as in other dinosaurs. Broken white lines in (D1) indicate lateral extemities of vertebral column.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2006View details →

Fig. 3 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 3. Articulated skeletons of Mesozoic birds, showing scapular position and glenoid orientation, with glenoids indicated by arrows. A. AMNH cast of "Berlin specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoids are anteroventral to the ribcage. The unnatural position of the left humerus above the glenoid is an artifact of dislocation of the left shoulder. B. AMNH cast of the "Eichstätt specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoid is anteroventral to the ribcage. C. Confuciusornis sanctus in dorsal view, showing wide spacing and lateral position of scapulae, with lateral extremities of vertebral column (extrapolated from dimensions of disarticulated dorsal vertebrae) represented by a pair of broken lines. Modified from Chiappe et al. (1999). D. The enantiornithine bird Eoalulavis hoyasi, LH 13500a, in dorsal view, showing close spacing and dorsal position of scapulae.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: 'In and out of' the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Himalayas: centers of origin and diversification compared across five clades of Eurasian montane and alpine passerine birds

Encompassing some of the major hotspots of biodiversity on Earth, large mountain systems have long held the attention of evolutionary biologists. The region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is considered a biogeographic source for multiple colonization events into adjacent areas including the northern Palearctic. The faunal exchange between the QTP and adjacent regions could thus represent a one-way street ('out of' the QTP). However, immigration into the QTP region has so far received only little attention, despite its potential to shape faunal and floral communities of the QTP. In this study, we investigated centers of origin and dispersal routes between the QTP, its forested margins and adjacent regions for five clades of alpine and montane birds of the passerine superfamily Passeroidea (Johansson et al., 2008; Selvatti et al., 2015). We performed an ancestral area reconstruction using BioGeoBEARS and inferred a time-calibrated backbone phylogeny for 279 taxa of Passeroidea. The oldest endemic species of the QTP was dated to the early Miocene (ca. 18 Ma). Several additional QTP endemics evolved in the mid to late Miocene (12–7 Ma). The inferred centers of origin and diversification for some of our target clades matched the 'out of Tibet hypothesis' or the 'out of Himalayas hypothesis' for others they matched the 'into Tibet hypothesis'. Three radiations included multiple independent Pleistocene colonization events to regions as distant as the Western Palearctic and the Nearctic. We conclude that faunal exchange between the QTP and adjacent regions was bidirectional through time, and the QTP region has thus harbored both centers of diversification and centers of immigration.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Cretaceous origins of the vibrotactile bill-tip organ in birds

Some probe-foraging birds locate their buried prey by detecting mechanical vibrations in the substrate using a specialised tactile bill-tip organ comprising mechanoreceptors embedded in densely clustered pits in the bone at the tip of their beak. This remarkable sensory modality is known as "remote-touch", and the associated bill-tip organ is found in probe-foraging taxa belonging to both the paleognathous (in kiwi) and neognathous (in ibises and shorebirds) clades of modern birds. Intriguingly, a structurally similar bill-tip organ is also present in the beaks of extant, non-probing paleognathous birds (e.g. emu and ostriches) that do not use remote-touch. By comparison with our comprehensive sample representing all orders of extant modern birds (Neornithes), we provide evidence that the lithornithids (the most basal known paleognathous birds which evolved in the Cretaceous period) had the ability to use remote-touch. This finding suggests that the occurrence of the "vestigial" bony bill-tip organ in all modern non-probing paleognathous birds represents a plesiomorphic condition. Furthermore, our results show that remote-touch probe-foraging evolved very early among the Neornithes and it may even have predated the paleognathous-neognathous divergence. We postulate that the tactile bony bill-tip organ in Neornithes may have originated from other snout tactile specializations of their non-avian theropod ancestors.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data and code for: When origin, reproduction ability, and diet define the role of birds in invasions

The ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) are increasingly documented, however, they are usually studied through the lens of either the IAS or the species that suffer from them (IAS-threatened species). A clear understanding of how both protagonists of biological invasions are characterized is still lacking. We investigated the morphology, life-history, and ecology of birds involved in biological invasions. Evaluating the disposal of 450 IAS-threatened birds and 400 alien birds in a functional space, we found that both groups harbored various strategies. Aliens had larger clutches and were more herbivorous than IAS-threatened and worldwide birds, while IAS-threatened birds were more insular endemic from the Australia region than alien and worldwide birds. IAS-threatened species showed opposite strategies to alien birds regarding traits related to diet, origin, and reproduction. Further exploring traits associated with impact magnitude, we found that alien birds with high impact had a generalist behavior and an animal-based diet. Although traits were a strong basis to distinguish aliens from IAS-threatened birds, they did not differentiate the impact type. In conclusion, by emphasizing differences relating to the density distribution of bird groups in a functional space, we opened new opportunities to identify the role of birds in biological invasions.

publicDec 2020View details →

Data from: Cretaceous origins of the vibrotactile bill-tip organ in birds

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Data and code for: When origin, reproduction ability, and diet define the role of birds in invasions

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publicAug 2020View details →

Data from: ‘In and out of’ the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Himalayas: centers of origin and diversification compared across five clades of Eurasian montane and alpine passerine birds

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opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

Extended Data Fig. 6 in Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds

Extended Data Fig. 6 | Postcranial morphology of A. maastrichtensis (NHMM 2013 008). The left distal femur of Presbyornis pervetus (UW 27596) is shown for comparison.

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

Extended Data Fig. 3 in Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds

Extended Data Fig. 3 | Morphology of individually segmented skull elements from A. maastrichtensis (NHMM 2013 008). Dorsal,ventral and rostral views of the frontals show the nasals separated from their in situ position to illustrate the morphology of the nasofrontal contact.Scale bars,1 cm.

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds

Fig. 3 | Relationships of A. maastrichtensis and stratigraphic provenance of holotype. a, Cladogram showing the phylogenetic position of Asteriornis and Vegavis inferred under parsimony (solid coloured lines) and tip-dated Bayesian analyses (dashed lines).A position for Vegavis allied with Anseriformes,as previously found12,28,34, is also shown (curved branch).Numbers within clades denote extant species richness.The analysis is based on a newly modified dataset;see Extended Data Fig. 9 and Supplementary Information for full phylogenetic results.Extinct taxa are denoted with daggers.b, Simplified stratigraphy of the Maastricht Formation,exposed in the vicinity of the holotype locality and surrounding areas24. c, Location of the CBR-Romontbos Quarry near Eben-Emael,Belgium.

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Data from: Where do wintering cormorants come from? Long-term changes in the geographical origin of a migratory bird on a continental scale

1. Populations of migratory birds often mix to a considerable extent in their wintering areas. Knowledge about the composition of wintering populations is highly relevant in relation to management, not least for species, such as the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, prone to conflicts with human interests. However, few studies have been able to estimate long-term changes in winter population composition. 2. We use 30 years of ringing and recovery data (1983-2013) from all major breeding populations of cormorants in continental Europe (except the Black Sea region) to estimate partitioning probabilities (i.e. the probabilities of moving to specific wintering areas) using a Bayesian capture-mark-recovery model. Combining these results with information on breeding numbers and reproductive output in a population model, we estimate the size and composition of wintering populations in Europe and North Africa. 3. Partitioning probabilities showed some variation over time, but were similar for first-winter and older birds. Cormorants from the western part of the breeding range tended to winter progressively further west over time. This may be a density-dependent response to the recent growth of more easterly breeding populations. 4. All wintering populations grew rapidly over the study period, and their composition showed pronounced changes. All wintering populations were composed of birds from many different breeding populations, but the proportion of cormorants of more easterly origin increased markedly over time in most wintering areas. 5. Policy implications. Cormorant wintering populations in Europe consist of mixtures of birds of different breeding origin, and these mixtures are highly variable over time. This reduces the chances of successfully limiting conflicts in a specific wintering area through e.g. regulation of breeding numbers in one breeding area. The dynamic nature of cormorant winter populations means that conflicts are best addressed when and where the conflict occurs, or on the scale of the entire continental population. It is unlikely that the latter will be cost-effective and politically realistic.09-Jan-2018

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opennotspecifiedAug 2009View details →

FIGURE 1 in Insects found in birds' nests from the Neotropical Region (except Argentina) and immigrant species of Neotropical origin in the Nearctic Region 2187

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny and distributions of the Haematosiphoninae [Hemiptera: Cimicidae] (modified from Usinger 1966). A, Apodidae; H, Hirundinidae; P, Psittacidae; R, raptor birds.