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18 results for “carnivory”
Figure 1 in Molecular evidence on evolutionary switching from particle-feeding to sophisticated carnivory in the calanoid copepod family Heterorhabdidae: drastic and rapid changes in functions of homologues
Figure 1. Morphology-based phylogenetic trees of the heterorhabdids. A and B, Ohtsuka et al. (1997); C, Park (2001).
Data from: Toward a geography of omnivory: omnivores increase carnivory when sodium is limiting
1. Toward understanding the geography of omnivory, we tested three hypotheses that predict the proportion of animal tissue consumed: The Sodium Limitation Hypothesis predicts that omnivores increase animal consumption in Na-poor environments because Na bioaccumulates from plants to predators; thus, heterotrophs are Na-rich sources. The Nitrogen Limitation and Habitat Productivity Hypotheses use the same logic to predict more animal consumption in N-poor and productive environments respectively. 2. Omnivory is a common trophic strategy, but what determines the balance of plant and animal tissue omnivores consume is relatively unexplored. Most of what we know comes from single populations at local scales. Here we quantitatively test these three hypotheses at a large geographic scale and across 20 species of omnivorous ants. 3. We tested each hypothesis using N stable isotopes (δ 15 N) to quantify the degree of carnivory in ant populations in 20 forests that span 12° latitude from Georgia to Maine, USA. We used the difference in δ 15 N between 20 ant conspecifics in 10 genera between two paired forests (10 pairs of 20 forests) that consisted of a coastal and inland forests on the same latitude to determine if the proportion of animal tissue consumed could be predicted based on Na, N or NPP. 4. Sodium gradients accounted for 18% of the variation in δ 15 N, 45% if one outlier ant species was omitted. In contrast, the Nitrogen Limitation and Habitat Productivity Hypotheses, which predict more animal consumption in N-poor and more productive environments respectively, failed to vary with δ 15 N. 5. Our results reveal a geography of omnivory driven in part by access to Na.
Data from: Toward a geography of omnivory: omnivores increase carnivory when sodium is limiting
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Data from: Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory
Carnivorous plants exploit animals as a nutritional source and have inspired long-standing questions about the origin and evolution of carnivory-related traits. To investigate the molecular bases of carnivory, we sequenced the genome of the heterophyllous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis, in which we succeeded in regulating the developmental switch between carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves. Transcriptome comparison of the two leaf types and gene repertoire analysis identified genetic changes associated with prey attraction, capture, digestion and nutrient absorption. Analysis of digestive fluid proteins from C. follicularis and three other carnivorous plants with independent carnivorous origins revealed repeated co-options of stress-responsive protein lineages coupled with convergent amino acid substitutions to acquire digestive physiology. These results imply constraints on the available routes to evolve plant carnivory.
Data from: Repeated evolution of carnivory among Indo-Australian rodents
Convergent evolution, often observed in island archipelagos, provides compelling evidence for the importance of natural selection as a generator of species and ecological diversity. The Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) is the world's largest island system and encompasses distinct biogeographic units, including the Asian (Sunda) and Australian (Sahul) continental shelves, which together bracket the oceanic archipelagos of the Philippines and Wallacea. Each of these biogeographic units houses numerous endemic rodents in the family Muridae. Carnivorous murids, i.e., those that feed on animals, have evolved independently in Sunda, Sulawesi (part of Wallacea), the Philippines, and Sahul, but the number of origins of carnivory among IAA murids is unknown. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of carnivorous murids of the IAA, combined with estimates of ancestral states for broad diet categories (herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore) and geographic ranges. These analyses demonstrate that carnivory evolved independently four times after over-water colonization, including in situ origins on the Philippines, Sulawesi, and Sahul. In each biogeographic unit the origin of carnivory was followed by evolution of more specialized carnivorous ecomorphs such as vermivores, insectivores, and amphibious rats.
Figure 3 in The tortoise caterpillar: carnivory and armoured larval morphology of the metalmark butterfly Pachythone xanthe (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)
Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy of the last instar of Pachythone xanthe. (a,b) Prothoracic plate in external (a) and internal (b) views; (c) head capsule in lateral view.
Figure 2 in The tortoise caterpillar: carnivory and armoured larval morphology of the metalmark butterfly Pachythone xanthe (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)
Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy of the penultimate instar of Pachythone xanthe. (a) Lateral view, arrow pointing the tentacle nectary organ (TNOs) openings; (b) semi-open prothoracic plates in frontal view showing the head; (c) head and thorax in lateroventral view; (d) prothoracic spiracle; (e) detail of head in frontal view; (f) cluster of perforated cupola organs (PCOs), glandular openings and arborescent setae on the prothorax; (g) detail of dorsal cluster of cone-like setae on the A3 abdominal segment; (h) detail of lateral fringe setae; (i) A4 abdominal spiracle; (j) TNO in lateral view, note opening surrounded by PCOs; (k) detail of specialised setae on TNO.
Figure 1 in The tortoise caterpillar: carnivory and armoured larval morphology of the metalmark butterfly Pachythone xanthe (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)
Figure 1. Natural history of Pachythone xanthe and symbiotic interactions with Azteca cf. chartifex ants and scale insects on a Miconia sp. tree. (a,b), penultimate instar in lateral (a) and dorsal (b) views, note the tentacle nectary organs (TNOs) openings (arrows); (c–f) last instar preying on ant-tended scale insects (yellow arrow) (c), resting posture (d), and frontal views showing the prothoracic plates closed (e) and open revealing the head (f); (g,h) pupa in lateral (g) and dorsal (h) views; (i) freshly emerged adult.
Data from: Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory
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Data from: Carnivory maintains cranial dimorphism between males and females: evidence for niche divergence in extant Musteloidea
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Data from: Complementary food resources of carnivory and frugivory affect local abundance of an omnivorous carnivore
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Data from: Repeated evolution of carnivory among Indo-Australian rodents
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Figure 2 in Molecular evidence on evolutionary switching from particle-feeding to sophisticated carnivory in the calanoid copepod family Heterorhabdidae: drastic and rapid changes in functions of homologues
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree based on the 18S + 28S rRNA genes of heterorhabdids. The numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (maximum likelihood, ML) and posterior probability (Bayesian inference, BI). Two metridinids (Metridia effusa and Pleuromamma abdominalis) were chosen as the outgroup taxa. The star (Node ★) indicates the innovation of a poison-injection system.
Data from: Revisiting the cost of carnivory in mammals
Predator-prey relationships play a key role in the evolution and ecology of carnivores. An understanding of predator-prey relationships and how this differs across species and environments provides information on how carnivorous strategies have evolved and how they may change in response to environmental change. We aim to determine how mammals overcame the challenges of living within the marine environment; specifically, how this altered predator-prey body mass relationships relative to terrestrial mammals. Using predator and prey mass data collected from the literature, we applied phylogenetic piecewise regressions to investigate the relationship between predator and prey size across carnivorous mammals (51 terrestrial and 56 marine mammals). We demonstrate that carnivorous mammals have four broad dietary groups: small marine carnivores (<11,000 kg) and small terrestrial carnivores (<11 kg) feed on prey less than 5kg and 2kg, respectively. On average, large marine carnivores (>11,000 kg) feed on prey equal to 0.01% of the carnivore's body size, compared to 45% or greater in large terrestrial carnivores (>11 kg). We propose that differences in prey availability, and the relative ease of processing large prey in the terrestrial environment and small prey in marine environment, has led to the evolution of these novel foraging behaviours. Our results provide important insights into the selection pressures that may have been faced by early marine mammals and ultimately led to the evolution of a range of feeding strategies and predatory behaviours.
Data from: Revisiting the cost of carnivory in mammals
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Data from: Pyric-carnivory: raptor use of prescribed fires
Fire is a process that shaped and maintained most terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Changes in land use and patterns of human settlement have altered fire regimes and led to fire suppression resulting in numerous undesirable consequences spanning individual species and entire ecosystems. Many obvious and direct consequences of fire suppression have been well studied, but several, albeit less obvious, costs of alteration to fire regimes on wildlife are unknown. One such phenomenon is the response of carnivores to fire events—something we refer to as pyric-carnivory. To investigate the prevalence of pyric-carnivory in raptors, we monitored 25 prescribed fires occurring during two different seasons and across two different locations in tallgrass prairie of the central United States. We used paired point counts occurring before and during prescribed fires to quantify the use of fires by raptors. We found a strong attraction to fires with average maximum abundance nearly seven times greater during fires than prior to ignitions (before: x ̅ = 2.90, SE = 0.42; during: x ̅ = 20.20; SE = 3.29) and an average difference between fire events and immediately before fires of 15.2 (± 2.69) raptors. This result was driven by Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni), which were the most abundant (n = 346) of the nine species we observed using fires. Our results illustrate the importance of fire as integral disturbance process that effects wildlife behavior through multiple mechanisms that are often overshadowed by the predominant view of fire as a tool used for vegetation management.
Supplementary videos from: The use of chimpanzee-modified faunal assemblages to investigate early hominin carnivory.
<p>This document includes five videos recorded by Dr. David Watts at Ngogo (Kibale National Park, Uganda). In the videos, chimpanzees are shown eating vertebrate meat. These videos illustrate behaviors described in the associated journal article. </p> <p>Supplementary Video 1: Adult male Jackson disarticulates the rib cage of a juvenile red colobus monkey and<br> removes muscle tissue from the ribs. He uses his cheek teeth and incisors to disarticulate ribs from the spinal<br> column, and he rolls several ribs around in his mouth as he chews them and removes soft tissue.<br> Supplementary Video 2: Adult male Jackson sucks bone marrow from the diaphysis of a red colobus long <br> bone after having chewed off the epiphyses. He then drops the bone and resumes chewing on muscle tissue held in <br> his hand. Adult male Miles retrieves the bone and uses his teeth (probably incisors, but the action is not <br> visible) to remove the last remaining muscle tissue.<br> Supplementary Video 3: Adult male Monk holds part of the spinal column, the legs, and the tail of an adult male red colobus. He removes meat from the<br> spine with his incisors, and he ingests and chews leaves along with the meat. In the background, adult male Morton removes meat from part of the monkey’s<br> ribcage. At several points, he bites ribs with his cheek teeth, and at 1:24 he fractures one or several ribs.<br> Supplementary Video 4: Adult male Basie feeds on part of the spinal column plus an arm of an adult female red colobus. He gives a disarticulated <br> limb bone to adult male Lofty. Note the prolonged chewing and the fact that both males ingest leaves that they masticate along with the meat. For reasons <br> that are unclear, chimpanzees commonly do this when they are eating meat. The behavior is unlikely to affect patterns of tooth damage to bone surfaces other than those of small cheiridial bones that the <br> chimpanzees sometimes chew intra-orally. At 1:55, Basie further disarticulates the monkey’s arm by biting down on it and pulling back with his incisors while using his arms to pull in the opposite direction.<br> Supplementary Video 5: Adult male Garrison feeds on the hand and forearm of an adult female red colobus. The forearm has been disarticulated at the elbow <br> joint. Garrison uses his incisors and cheek teeth to strip soft tissue from the hand. He also bites off several phalanges, which he then chews – mostly <br> using his cheek teeth – to remove soft tissue. At 2:46, he removes a phalanx from his mouth and holds it with his left hand while he uses his incisors to <br> detach muscle tissue from it. At 3:20, he appears to drop the bone. However, chimpanzees sometimes swallow whole or partial phalanges and, especially from <br> smaller prey, other hand and foot bones when they process them intra-orally as shown here. This explains why such bones appear in feces.</p> <p>Please contact the authors if you would like to use these videos for purposes other than educational. </p> <p>alex.bertacchi@yale.edu<br> david.watts@yale.edu</p>
Data from: Pyric-carnivory: raptor use of prescribed fires
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