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Рис. 1. Разрез верхней пачки рыхΛых отΛожений пещеры МеΑвежий КΛык. ΑегенΑа: 1 — извΛеченные отΛожения; 2 — материнская пороΑа; 3 — камни; 4 — неизвΛеченные отΛожения Fig. 1. Cross-section of the upper part pit of the Medvezhyi Klyk Cave. Legend: 1 — excavated deposits; 2 — limestone; 3 — limestone blocks; 4 — unexcavated deposits in Late Holocene amphibians from the Medvezhiy Klyk Cave of the Lozovy Ridge (Southern Sikhote-Alin, Primorsky Krai)
Рис. 1. Разрез верхней пачки рыхΛых отΛожений пещеры МеΑвежий КΛык. ΑегенΑа: 1 — извΛеченные отΛожения; 2 — материнская пороΑа; 3 — камни; 4 — неизвΛеченные отΛожения Fig. 1. Cross-section of the upper part pit of the Medvezhyi Klyk Cave. Legend: 1 — excavated deposits; 2 — limestone; 3 — limestone blocks; 4 — unexcavated deposits
Text-fig. 2. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Vykopaná chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – fragment of left mandibula with pathological condylar process; b – thoracic vertebra with pathological rib facet; c – Mc III dext. with exostoses; d – fragment of juvenile right ulna with bite marks; e – gnawed right tibia with bite marks on proximal part; f – gnawed left calcaneus with bite marks. in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007
Text-fig. 2. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Vykopaná chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – fragment of left mandibula with pathological condylar process; b – thoracic vertebra with pathological rib facet; c – Mc III dext. with exostoses; d – fragment of juvenile right ulna with bite marks; e – gnawed right tibia with bite marks on proximal part; f – gnawed left calcaneus with bite marks.
Text-fig. 5. Distribution of age classes of deningeri bears from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic) based on wear stage of M2 dext. and m2 dext. (I–III: juveniles, IV–VII: prime adults, VIII–IX: senile adults; according to Stiner 1998). Juveniles distinctly outnumber adults. in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007
Text-fig. 5. Distribution of age classes of deningeri bears from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic) based on wear stage of M2 dext. and m2 dext. (I–III: juveniles, IV–VII: prime adults, VIII–IX: senile adults; according to Stiner 1998). Juveniles distinctly outnumber adults.
Text-fig. 4. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Spojovací chodba – Narozeninová chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – Mc V sin. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial distal part (tuberosity/exostosis?); b – gnawed juvenile ulna; c – right tibia gnawed by a large rodent (porcupine?) with detail. in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007
Text-fig. 4. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Spojovací chodba – Narozeninová chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – Mc V sin. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial distal part (tuberosity/exostosis?); b – gnawed juvenile ulna; c – right tibia gnawed by a large rodent (porcupine?) with detail.
Text-fig. 3. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Chodba naděje in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – gnawed lumbar vertebra with a bite mark on the body head; b – fragment of pelvis with a bite mark; c – femur head with a bite mark; d – Mc II dext. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial proximal part (tuberosity/exostosis?). in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007
Text-fig. 3. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Chodba naděje in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – gnawed lumbar vertebra with a bite mark on the body head; b – fragment of pelvis with a bite mark; c – femur head with a bite mark; d – Mc II dext. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial proximal part (tuberosity/exostosis?).
Text-fig. 1. Map of the Za Hájovnou Cave with Section Nos. 1 and 2 (surveyed by M. Vaněk, status in 2005). in New Updated Results Of Paleomagnetic Dating Of Cave Deposits Exposed In Za Hájovnou Cave, Javoříčko Karst
Text-fig. 1. Map of the Za Hájovnou Cave with Section Nos. 1 and 2 (surveyed by M. Vaněk, status in 2005).
Text-fig. 7. Projection of the declinations and inclinations of primary component of the DRM vectors and a mean direction based on Fisher statistics A – samples with normal polarity (down - projection on the lower hemisphere), B – samples with reversed polarity (up - projection on the upper hemisphere). in New Updated Results Of Paleomagnetic Dating Of Cave Deposits Exposed In Za Hájovnou Cave, Javoříčko Karst
Text-fig. 7. Projection of the declinations and inclinations of primary component of the DRM vectors and a mean direction based on Fisher statistics A – samples with normal polarity (down - projection on the lower hemisphere), B – samples with reversed polarity (up - projection on the upper hemisphere).
Text-fig. 3. Cave deposits exposed in Section No. 2 and recorded paleomagnetic polarities. 1 – reworked deposits; 2 – clayey silt, light brown with abundant black dots, structureless; 3 – clayey silt to silty clay, brown, chaotically deposited; 4 – clayey silt, light brown, structureless; 5 – clayey silt, light brown, laminated; 6 – clayey silt to silty clay, brown, structureless; 7 – clayey silt to silty clay, light brown, structureless; 8 – clayey silt, brown with abundant white carbonate clasts; 9 – clayey sandy silt, brown with abundant lighter clayey fragments; 10 – clayey sandy silt, brown with sporadic lighter clayey fragments. Geomagnetic polarity scale: black (N) – normal polarities, white (R) – reversed polarities, grey – intermediate or uninterpretable polarities. For more details see text. in New Updated Results Of Paleomagnetic Dating Of Cave Deposits Exposed In Za Hájovnou Cave, Javoříčko Karst
Text-fig. 3. Cave deposits exposed in Section No. 2 and recorded paleomagnetic polarities. 1 – reworked deposits; 2 – clayey silt, light brown with abundant black dots, structureless; 3 – clayey silt to silty clay, brown, chaotically deposited; 4 – clayey silt, light brown, structureless; 5 – clayey silt, light brown, laminated; 6 – clayey silt to silty clay, brown, structureless; 7 – clayey silt to silty clay, light brown, structureless; 8 – clayey silt, brown with abundant white carbonate clasts; 9 – clayey sandy silt, brown with abundant lighter clayey fragments; 10 – clayey sandy silt, brown with sporadic lighter clayey fragments. Geomagnetic polarity scale: black (N) – normal polarities, white (R) – reversed polarities, grey – intermediate or uninterpretable polarities. For more details see text.
FIGURE 12 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 12. Map of the West Indies showing the location of Late Quaternary sites containing crocodiles. Fossil samples from Abaco and Grand Bahama in the Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Grand Cayman include skulls or partial skulls that can be confidently identified as the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer). All other records consist of fragmentary or isolated specimens identified as either Crocodylus sp. or Crocodylia indeterminate. Site numbers are as follows (sites 1–22 are from various islands in the Bahamas): Abaco (see Morgan and Albury, 2013, for an enlarged map of Abaco showing the location of these fossil sites): 1. Sawmill Sink; 2. Dan's Cave; 3. Ralph's Cave; 4. Nancy's Cave; 5. Lost Reel Cave. 6. Gilpin Point. Grand Bahama: 7. Bell Channel; 8. Anaconda Pond; 9. Mermaid's Lair. Eleuthera: 10. White Lake Cave; 11. Kelly's Blue Hole (= Bung Hole); 12. Mermaid's Pool; 13. Preacher's Cave. New Providence: 14. Banana Hole. San Salvador: 15. Hanna's Bananas. Great Exuma: 16. Isaac Bay Cave. Rum Cay: 17. Bobby's Cave. Crooked Island: 18. Pittstown Landing; 19. 1702 Cave. Acklins: 20. Rupert's Pond; 21. Delectable Bay. Mayaguana: 22. The Fountain. Grand Cayman (see Morgan and Albury, 2013, for an enlarged map of Grand Cayman showing the location of these fossil sites): 23. Crocodile Canal; 24. Prospect; 25. Chisholm Cow Well; 26. Connally Cow Well; 27. Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park; 28. Furtherland Farms Cow Well; 29. Crab Cave. Cuba: 30. Cueva Lamas; 31. Las Breas de San Felipe; 32. Ciego Montero; 33. Casimbas de las Llanadas; 34. Caves of Cueiba. Jamaica: 35. Wallingford Roadside Cave; 36. Dairy Cave; 37. Bellevue. Hispaniola (Dominican Republic): 38. Oleg's Bat Cave; 39. Ni-Rahu (= Cueva de Lynn). Puerto Rico: 40. Cueva Salida. Mona Island: 41. Cueva de los Losetas.
FIGURE 11 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 11. Modern skull of an American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) from Lago Enriquillo, Dominican Republic (MNHNRD1) in A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. left lateral, and D. posterior views.
FIGURE 10 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 10. Ilia of the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of Late Quaternary age from Oleg's Bat Cave, Dominican Republic (MHD 575). A. External and B. internal views of the right ilium; C. external and D. internal views of the left ilium.
FIGURE 9 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 9. Limb bones of the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of Late Quaternary age from Oleg's Bat Cave, Dominican Republic. All limb bones are from the left side and are from the same associated individual (MHD 576). A. Humerus, B. radius, C. ulna, D. femur, E. tibia, F. fibula. In each pair of photographs, the anterior view is on the left and posterior view on the right.
FIGURE 8 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 8. Skull and left mandible of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of Late Quaternary age from Oleg's Bat Cave, Dominican Republic (MHD 574). Skull in A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. left lateral, and D. posterior views. Left mandible in E. medial and F. lateral views.
FIGURE 6 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 6. Skull and articulated right and left mandibles of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of Late Quaternary age from Ni-Rahu (= Cueva de Lynn), Dominican Republic (MHD 414). The skull and mandibles of this specimen are partially covered with a thick layer of calcite flowstone, obscuring many morphological features. A. Dorsal, B. ventral, C. left lateral, D. right lateral, and E. posterior views.
FIGURE 5 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 5. Underwater photographs of Late Quaternary fossils of the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from the Dominican Republic. A–E, Oleg's Bat Cave: A. Skull and articulated mandible. B. Skull of second individual. C. Dentary and postcranial elements. Note very small slender bones of bats. D. Humerus and vertebra in center of photo, surrounded by osteoderms. E. Partial crocodile skull (scale in inches). F. Complete skull and articulated mandibles, from unnamed cave near Oleg's Bat Cave. Specimen is "upside down" with mandibles on top. The skull and jaws in panel F were not collected.
FIGURE 4 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 4. Map of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), showing Late Quaternary fossil localities of the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer), as well as several cities and topographic features mentioned in the text. 1. Oleg's Bat Cave, Altagracia province; 2. Ni-Rahu (= Cueva de Lynn), Guerra province (map modified from Velazco et al., 2013).
FIGURE 3 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 3. Skull and mandible of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Sawmill Sink (NMB.AB50.171; C52), Abaco, Bahamas, showing the measurements taken on crocodile specimens from the Dominican Republic, Abaco, Grand Cayman, and Cuba. The measurements (letters A–N) are explained in Materials and Methods.
FIGURE 1 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 1. Skull of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of late Holocene age from Sawmill Sink (NMB. AB50.171; C52), Abaco, Bahamas, in A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. left lateral, and D. posterior, views. The individual bones in the skull are identified using the following abbreviations: bo (basioccipital = occipital condyle), ec (ectopterygoid), ex (exoccipital), fr (frontal), ju (jugal,), la (lacrimal), mx (maxilla), na (nasal), pa (parietal), pf (prefrontal), pl (palatine), pm (premaxilla), po (postorbital), pt (pterygoid), qu (quadrate), qj (quadratojugal), so (supraoccipital), sq (squamosal).
FIGURE 2 in The Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) from Late Quaternary Underwater Cave Deposits in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 2. Mandible of a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) of late Holocene age from Sawmill Sink (NMB.AB50.171; C52), Abaco, Bahamas, in A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. left lateral, and D, left medial views. The individual bones in the mandible are identified using the following abbreviations: an (angular), ar (articular), de (dentary), sp (splenial), su (surangular). The coronoid bone is missing from this specimen.
Interpreting the mammal deposits of Cloggs Cave (SE Australia), GunaiKurnai Aboriginal Country, through community-led partnership research
<p>Palaeontological animal bone deposits are rarely investigated through research partnerships where the local First Nations communities have a defining hand in both the research questions asked and the research processes. Here we report research undertaken through such a partnership approach at the iconic archaeological site of Cloggs Cave (GunaiKurnai Country, East Gippsland), in the southern foothills of SE Australia's Great Dividing Range.</p> <p>A new excavation was combined with detailed chronometric dating, high-resolution 3D mapping, and geomorphological studies. This allowed for the interpretation of a sequence of stratigraphic layers spanning from a lowermost excavated mixed layer dated to between 25,640–48,470 cal BP, to a dense set of uppermost, ash layers dated to between 1460–3360 cal BP. This long and well-dated chronostratigraphic sequence enabled temporal trends in the abundant small mammal remains to be examined.</p> <p>The fossil assemblage consists of at least 31 taxa of mammals which change in proportions through time. Despite clear evidence that the Old Ancestors repeatedly carried vegetation into the cave to fuel cool fires (no visible vegetation grows in Cloggs Cave), we observed little to no evidence of cooking fires or calcined bone, suggesting that people had little involvement with the accumulation of the faunal remains. Small mammal bones were most likely deposited in the cave by large disc-faced owls, <em>Tyto novaehollandae</em> (Masked Owl) or <em>Tyto tenebricosa</em> (Sooty Owl).</p> <p>Despite being well-dated and largely undisturbed, the Cloggs Cave assemblage does not appear to track known Late Quaternary environmental change. Instead, the complex geomorphology of the area fostered a vegetation mosaic that supported mammals with divergent habitat preferences. The faunal deposit suggests a local ancestral landscape characterised by a resilient mosaic of habitats that persisted over thousands of years, signaling that the Old Ancestors burned landscape fires to encourage and manage patches of different vegetation types and ages within and through periods of climate change.</p>
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