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47 results for “complexity measures”
An Empirical Evaluation of the "Cognitive Complexity" Measure as a Predictor of Code Understandability
<p>The paper provides an evaluation of the “Cognitive Complexity” measure as an indicator of code understandability.<br> The evaluation is performed via an empirical study.<br> ""Cognitive Complexity" is compared with traditional code measure, like LoC and McCabe's complexity.</p> <p>The data used in the empirical study are provided.</p>
Phantom measurement data for 'Complex B1+ mapping with Carr-Purcell spin echoes and its application to electrical properties tomography', Iyyakkunnel et al. (2022)
<p>This dataset contains the phantom measurement data used in the published article Iyyakkunnel et al., 'Complex B1+ mapping with Carr-Purcell spin echoes and its application to electrical properties tomography', Magn Reson Med. 2022;87:1250–1260 (doi: 10.1002/mrm.29020). The acquisitions were made with a 3 T MRI system (Magnetom Prisma; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using the body coil for transmission and the a 20-channel head and neck coil for reception. Phase images from multichannel coil data were reconstructed using the manufacturer’s “adaptive coil combine” method. Magnitude measurements for B1 reconstruction using actucal flip angle imaging (AFI) is also included. Phantom scans were also performed with a 1H/23Na transmit/receive birdcage coil (RAPID Biomedical, Rimpar, Germany) for the Supporting Information Figure S1. The data includes the magnitude and phase measurements for the suggested Carr Purcell spin echo sequence with 10 echoes (in dicom (.dcm) format). For further measurement details, please refer to the mentioned original article.</p>
Text-fig. 6. Zoophycos showing spreiten structure with a continuously meandering tunnel. Schematic drawing of the specimen from unidentified layer from a block out of the measured profile. Scale in centimetres. in Early Complex Tiering Pattern: Upper Ordovician, Barrandian Area, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 6. Zoophycos showing spreiten structure with a continuously meandering tunnel. Schematic drawing of the specimen from unidentified layer from a block out of the measured profile. Scale in centimetres.
METADATA for results of irradiation-induced complex DNA damage measurements using plasmid pBR322 along a typical Proton Treatment Plan at the MedAustron proton and carbon beam therapy facility (energy 137–198 MeV and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) range 1–9 keV/μm), by means of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
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Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-igure 2. Intelligence of different living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 2.1. A crow solving a complex task (https://www.disclose.tv/spooky-genius-crow-had-to-be-removed-from-scientific-experiment- 314886). 2.2. A group of dolphins with a social behaviour (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/teamwork-builds-big-brains); 2.3. An orangutan that use a spear to fish (https://primatology.net/2008/04/29/orangutan-photographed-using-tool-as-spear-to-fish)
<p>Some species of birds have been shown capable of using different tools. Many studies consider the crows as very intelligent. Smirnova, Lazareva, and Zorina (2000) suggested that crows have some kind of numerical ability. Figure 2.1 presents a crow that uses a tool, a small stone in order to catch a worm from a glass of water.The dolphins in many studies are considered intelligent at the individual level. An advanced ability of dolphins is the self-awareness. Marten and Psarakos (1995) presented an interesting study based on self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the Bottlenose dolphin. The most well-known abilities of dolphins are to teach, learn and cooperate. Dolphins have a complex communication and social behaviour. Figure 2.2 presents the image of a common group of dolphins. Some studies prove that primates are one of the most intelligent in the class of animals (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011). Orangutans are one of the most intelligent primates. The ability of orangutans to use different types of tools in order to perform tasks is well-known. Figure 2.3 presents an orangutan that uses a spear to catch fish. The orangutans can be considered intelligent at individual level.</p>
Review of Recent Trends in Measuring the Computing Systems Intelligence-Figure 1. Intelligence of different simple living creature (accessed 01.11.2017). 1.1. A carnivorous plants catching an insect (https://phys.org/news/2016-05-colombia-peace-reveal-jungle-species.html); 1.2. A colony of ants solving a very complex task (https://mappingignorance.org/2016/05/27/rafting-ants); 1.3. The collective behaviour of a school of fish (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling)
<p>The biological intelligence of different life forms, ranging from very simple (such as plants) to very complex (such as humans) is the subject of many studies and a large amount of research. Frequent studies related to different kind of biological intelligence include: the intelligence of horses (Krueger, & Heinze, 2008; Krueger, Farmer, & Heinze, 2014; Schuetz, Farmer, & Krueger, 2016), intelligence of pigs (Broom, Sena, & Moynihan, 2009), intelligence of dogs (Coren, 1995), intelligence of primates (Reader, Hager, & Laland, 2011) and so one. Figures 1, 2, and 3 present some biological life forms that are frequently considered intelligent. Trewavas (2002; 2005) considered that plants intelligence should be based on principles such as their ability to adjust their morphology, and phenotype accordingly to ensure self- preservation and reproduction. Figure 1.1 presents an intelligent plant (carnivorous) that uses a strategy for catching very fast flying insects. In order to eat the insect, it makes a movement. Figure 1.1 presents the catching of an insect by a carnivorous plant. The intelligence of colonies of ants, termites and other insects that live in large colonies is considered at the colony level (Brady, Fisher, Schultz, & Ward, 2014; Johnson, Borowiec, Chiu, Lee, Atallah, & Ward, 2013). Figure 1.2 presents the coherent intelligent surviving behaviour of a colony of a species of ants. The ants make a structural reorganization in order to move on the surface of the water. Figure 1.3 presents a very large school of fish with an intelligent coherent collective feeding and self-protecting behaviour. Each individual fish has a very simple behavior. Based on this it cannot be considered intelligent. The intelligence in large schools of fish emerges at the collective level (Shaw, 1978; Parrish, Viscedo, & Grunbaum, 2002).</p>
Mechanical Measurements of IntI1 Synaptic Complex Stability
<p>These data sets are associated with the publication "<em>The recombination efficiency of the bacterial integron depends on the mechanical stability of the synaptic complex</em>" Preprint available here: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.04.09.588808</p> <p>Single-molecule force spectroscopy data of various IntI1 variants forming complexes with different attC-stite variants.</p> <p>ZIP files contain h5 data recoreded on a LUMICKS C-Trap device.</p> <ul> <li>IntI1wt.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1wt with aadA7bs attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F-Alanine.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F-double Alanine mutant with aadA7bs attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F-mEGFP.zip contains correlative force spectroscopy and confocal imaging data (h5 files) of IntI1Y312F-mEGFP binding and moving on single-stranded DNA</li> <li>IntI1Y312F-Truncated.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F-C-terminal truncation with aadA7bs attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_aadA7-bs.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with aadA7bs attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_aadA7-ts.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with aadA7ts attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_aadA7bs-L2.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with aadA7bs-L2 hybrid attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_aadA7bs-VCRwt.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with aadA7bs-VCRwt hybrid attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_L2.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with L2 attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_VCRwt.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with VCRwt attC sites</li> <li>IntI1Y312F_VCRinv.zip contains force spectroscopy data (indivdual h5 traces) of IntI1Y312F with VCRinv attC sites</li> </ul> <p>README.txt contains information about how to read the individual h5 files with e.g. a Python script.</p>
Source-specific light absorption by carbonaceous components in the complex aerosol matrix from yearly filter-based measurements
<p>Data presented in the main figures of the peer-reviewed journal article "Source-specific light absorption by carbonaceous components in the complex aerosol matrix from yearly filter-based measurements" by Moschos et al. (2021) in <em>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</em> (https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1293).</p>
Text-fig. 7. a. Worn section through a horizontally bedded body-chamber and phragmocone, body-chamber showing oyster attached to inside of aperture as well as burrow mottling. Tape measure provides scale. b. Body-chamber and crushed phragmocone with body-chamber and phragmocone entirely filled with bioturbated matrix containing stringers of crinoid and molluscan debris. Flank of phragmocone encrusted by oysters. Tape measure for scale. c. Complex of Thallassinoides and Diplocraterion burrows associated with conch that has been eroded out by wave action. A few 'Ghostly' fragments of ammonite are also present. Original scope of the image approximately 400 mm. c. Verically embedded conch with largely intact septa and camera infilled with burrowed matrix containing crinoid debris. Tape measure for scale. in 'Cenoceras Islands' In The Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) Of West Somerset, Uk: Nautilid Dominance And Influence On Benthic Faunas
Text-fig. 7. a. Worn section through a horizontally bedded body-chamber and phragmocone, body-chamber showing oyster attached to inside of aperture as well as burrow mottling. Tape measure provides scale. b. Body-chamber and crushed phragmocone with body-chamber and phragmocone entirely filled with bioturbated matrix containing stringers of crinoid and molluscan debris. Flank of phragmocone encrusted by oysters. Tape measure for scale. c. Complex of Thallassinoides and Diplocraterion burrows associated with conch that has been eroded out by wave action. A few 'Ghostly' fragments of ammonite are also present. Original scope of the image approximately 400 mm. c. Verically embedded conch with largely intact septa and camera infilled with burrowed matrix containing crinoid debris. Tape measure for scale.
Pre-ejecta Craters and Measured Ejecta Thicknesses from Complex Craters on Ceres
<p>Original Publication Date: October 17, 2022</p> <p>Modified Date: February 27, 2023<br> Authors: P. E. Montalvo and H. Christopher<br> Notes: This ReadMe file serves as an overview for the Data Sets S1 and S2. Data Set S1 shows the High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) and Low Altitude Mapping Orbit (LAMO) images used in this study. Data Set S2 contains the crater counts and estimated ejecta thicknesses estimated in this study. We strongly recommend reading the details the contents of this file to properly understand the structure of each Data Set.</p> <p>Data Set S1 content:<br> Requirements: None. The contents of Data Set S1 are Dawn image information.<br> - File 1: HAMO.csv; Description: CSV file containing HAMO image information<br> - File 2: LAMO.csv; Description: CSV file containing LAMO image information<br> - File 3: Additional_LAMO.csv; CSV file containing additional LAMO images for Occator and Haulani.<br> - File 4: ReadMe.txt; Description: TXT file with content description</p> <p>Data Set S2 content:<br> Requirements: A Python script is included in Data Set S2. The script needs all CSV files included in Data Set S2 in the same directory.<br> - File 1: meta.csv; Description: CSV file containing host crater file names<br> - File 2: Occator.csv; Description: pre-ejecta crater data from Occator<br> - File 3: Haulani.csv; Description: pre-ejecta crater data from Haulani<br> - File 4: Cacaguat.csv; Description: pre-ejecta crater data from Cacaguat<br> - File 5: Dantu.csv; Description: pre-ejecta crater data from Dantu<br> - File 6: Ikapati.csv; Description: pre-ejecta crater data from Ikapati<br> - File 7: tmax.csv; Description: crater rim ejecta thickness data<br> - File 8: plotProf.py; Description: Python script that reproduces Figure 8</p> <p>Data Set S3 content:<br> Requirements: None. The contents of Data Set S3 are CSV files with point locations. Note that the file names are in order of analysis.<br> - File 1: Occator_hr.csv; Description: CSV file with rim point location<br> - File 2: Occator_ht.csv; Description: CSV file with outcrop point location<br> - File 3: Haulani_hr.csv; Description: CSV file with rim point location<br> - File 4: Haulani_ht.csv; Description: CSV file with outcrop point location<br> - File 5: Cacaguat_hr.csv; Description: CSV file with rim point location<br> - File 6: Cacaguat_ht.csv; Description: CSV file with outcrop point location<br> - File 7: Dantu_hr.csv; Description: CSV file with rim point location<br> - File 8: Dantu_ht.csv; Description: CSV file with outcrop point location<br> - File 9: Ikapati_hr.csv; Description: CSV file with rim point location<br> - File 10: Ikapati_ht.csv; Description: CSV file with outcrop point location</p>
(EMPIR 19ENG06 HEFMAG) Data sets of measurements of magnetic loss and complex permeability on amorphous and nanocrystalline samples up to the MHz range
<p>We measured the magnetic losses and the complex permeability of amorphous and nanocrystalline ribbons from DC to 1 GHz by combined application of fluxmetric and transmission line methods. Two transverse field annealed Co-based amorphous alloys, ~13 µm and ~25 µm tick and two nanocrystalline Finemet type alloys, ~13 µm and ~20 µm tick, endowed with defined transverse magnetic anisotropy, were characterized. </p>
An Empirical Validation of Cognitive Complexity as a Measure of Source Code Understandability - Data, Code and Documentation
<p>Release version of the data, code and documentation used in and generated by our data analysis and literature search to ensure reproducibility, repeatability, and transparency, to be published alongside our paper "An Empirical Validation of Cognitive Complexity as a Measure of Source Code Understandability".</p>
MFS-M-00157 Snow precipitation measured manually (Tretyakov rain gauge), raised bog (ridge-hollow complex), 2010-present
<p>A raine gauge or Russian hydro-meteorological network standard (Tretyakov' construction) was installed as part of manual meteorological station in Mukhrino research polygon in 2010. The bucket installed at 2m height and protected by wind shield. Since 2014 only winter measurements were collected to supplement rain precipitation measurements measured in summer by automatic rain gauges (see also MFS-M-00154, MFS-M-00307, MFS-M-00308 for summer measurements in the same location).</p>
MFS-M-00308 Rain precipitation measured in raised bog (ridge-hollow complex), HOBO rain gauge RG3-M, 2017-present
<p>A raine gauge HOBO RG3-M was installed at the Mukhrino field station reseach polygon in the raised bog, treed bog community (ryam) in 2017, installation on the ground level (to prevent wind turbulence), measurement frequency - by event. This series is duplicated by MFS-M-00154 and MFS-M-00307 to cover variability and in case of breakdown. See also MFS-M-157 for winter (snow) precipitation at the same site measured manually.</p>
Flat thin films forward simulations (Complex fresnel rs and rp). Rough thin film of sio2, sweeped in thickness about 1micron (Intensity and raw rs and rp.) Both as measured with 0 to NA = 0.9 angles.
<p>This dataset is part of a project under the ATMOC consortium, involving case studies of various simple one-material layers and their optical properties, particularly focusing on their interaction with light in terms of reflectivity. It encompasses samples , studied by institutions like UT Twente, IMEC, and CEA. These samples include flat surfaces coated with materials like Si, Mo, Ru, Al, Ru, Ni, Mo, Nb, Pt, Ta, Cr, TiN, and and rough thermal SiO2 on Si wafers, with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers, applied through processes like PVD deposition and thermal oxidation at high temperatures.</p> <p>The dataset leverages refractive index data from the online resource "refractiveindex.info" to simulate the optical properties of these layers. The reflection of light is primarily determined by the Fresnel reflection coefficient, with additional simulations for rough surfaces using JCMWave's Finite Element Method (FEM) to understand the effects of surface roughness on light reflection. Primary setup it represents is prototype of Coherent Fourier Scatterometry (typically used for critical parameters of grating reconstruction|).</p> <p>Data are stored in .mat and .csv formats, with MATLAB scripts for generating visualizations of the model results, such as pcolor plots of intensity reflections based on variables like cover thickness and k-axis normalization. Python examples are also provided for loading and visualizing the data. The datasets aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of the optical properties of these materials and structures, supporting the development of standards and models for optical measurements and applications. Additionally, the dataset includes references to further studies and methodologies, such as the T-matrix approach and the Fabry-Perot formula extension, indicating a scholarly foundation in optical physics and engineering research.</p>
Data archive for the peer-reviewed journal article "Online measurements during simulated atmospheric aging track the strongly increasing oxidative potential of complex combustion aerosols relative to their primary emissions"
<p>This data archive accompanies the article "Online measurements during simulated atmospheric aging track the strongly increasing oxidative potential of complex combustion aerosols relative to their primary emissions", which was accepted in November 2024 in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Science and Technology Letters. The data archive contains the processed OP_DTT, PM loading, oxidant level, and elemental ratio measurements presented in this journal article. </p>
Data from: Spectrogram cross-correlation can be used to measure the complexity of bird vocalizations
<p>This data set contains catalog numbers of Macaulay Library sound files and RVV library sound files used in the study- Sawant, S; Arvind, C; Joshi, V & Robin, V. V. (2021) Spectrogram cross-correlation can be used to measure the complexity of bird vocalizations.</p>
Dataset: Determination of Broadband Complex EM Parameters of Powdered Materials Part A: MCMC-based Two-Port Transmission Line Measurements
<p>Data from Determination of Broadband Complex EM Parameters of Powdered Materials Part A: MCMC-based Two-Port Transmission Line Measurements.</p>
Replicate analysis from: Measuring complexity for hierarchical models using effective degrees of freedom
<p>Hierarchical models can express ecological dynamics using a combination of fixed and random effects, and measurement of their complexity (effective degrees of freedom, EDF) requires estimating how much random effects are shrunk towards a shared mean. Estimating EDF is helpful to (1) penalize complexity during model selection and (2) to improve understanding of model behavior. I apply the conditional Akaike Information Criterion (cAIC) to estimate EDF from the finite-difference approximation to the gradient of model predictions with respect to each datum. I confirm that this has similar behavior to widely used Bayesian criteria, and I illustrate ecological applications using three case studies. The first compares model parsimony with or without time-varying parameters when predicting density-dependent survival, where cAIC favors time-varying demographic parameters more than conventional AIC. The second estimates EDF in a phylogenetic structural equation model, and identifies a larger EDF when predicting longevity than mortality rates in fishes. The third compares EDF for a species distribution model (SDM) fitted for twenty bird species and identifies those species requiring more model complexity. These highlight the ecological and statistical insight from comparing EDF among experimental units, models, and data partitions, using an approach that can broadly adopted for nonlinear ecological models.</p>
Data for: Capturing synchronization with complexity measure of ordinal pattern transition network constructed by Crossplot
<p><span>To evaluate the synchronization of bivariate time series has been a hot topic and a number of measures have been proposed. In this work, by introducing the ordinal pattern transition network (OPTN) into the crossplot,</span> <span>a new method for measuring the synchronisation of bivariate time series is proposed.</span> <span>After the crossplot been partitioned and coded, the coded partitions are defined as network nodes and a directed weighted network is constructed based on the temporal adjacency of the nodes. The crossplot transition entropy (CPTE) of the network is proposed as an indicator of the synchronization between two time series. To test the characteristics and performance of the method, it is used to analyse the unidirectional coupled Lorentz model</span> <span>and compared it with existing methods. The results showed the new method had the advantages of easy parameter setting, efficiency, robustness, good consistency and suitable for short time series. Finally, EEG data from auditory evoked potential EEG-Biometric dataset are investigated, and some useful and interesting results are obtained.</span></p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.