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36 results for “dispersal mechanisms”
London Dispersion Governs the Interaction Mechanism of Small Polar and Non-Polar Molecules in Metal-Organic Frameworks
<p>Raw data set relating to publication.</p>
Disentangling the mechanisms linking dispersal and sociality in supergene-mediated ant social forms
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Mechanisms of male-male interference during dispersal of orchid pollen
<p>Siring success of flowering plants depends on the fates of male gametophytes, which compete for access to stigmas, stylar resources and ovules. Although rarely considered, pollen may often compete during dispersal, affecting the processes required for export to stigmas; pollen pickup, transport and deposition. We quantified dispersal interference by tracking bee dispersal of stained <em>Anacamptis morio </em>(Orchidaceae) pollen from individual donor flowers and inferred the affected dispersal mechanisms based on the fit of a process-based model. During individual trials, all recipient flowers were either emasculated, precluding interference with donor pollen, or intact, adding potentially interfering pollen to the pollinator. The presence of competing pollinaria on bees reduced pickup of additional pollinaria, doubled the overall proportion of lost donor pollen and reduced total pollen export by 27%. Interference specifically increased loss of donor pollen between successive flower visits and variation in deposition among trials, and likely also reduced pollen contact with stigmas and pollen deposition when contact occurred. Thus, by altering pollen removal, transport and deposition, male-male interference during pollen dispersal can significantly, and perhaps commonly, limit plant siring success.</p>
Data from: Varieties of the highly dispersible and hypervariable tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, differ in response to mechanical stress and light across a sharp ecotone
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The drivers of isolation between sympatric populations of long-lived and highly-dispersible conspecific plants are not well understood. In the Hawaiian Islands the landscape-dominant tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, displays extraordinary phenotypic differences among sympatric varieties despite high dispersibility of its pollen and seeds, thereby presenting a unique opportunity to investigate how disruptive selection alone can maintain incipient forms. Stenophyllous M. polymorpha var. newellii is a recently evolved tree endemic to the waterways of east Hawai'i Island that shows striking neutral genetic differentiation from its ancestor, wet-forest var. glaberrima, despite sympatry of these forms. We looked for evidence for, and drivers of, differential local adaptation of these varieties across the range of var. newellii. METHODS: For paired populations of these varieties, we compared seedling performance under contrasting light conditions and a strong water current characteristic of the riparian zone. We also conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment and contrasted adult leaf anatomy. KEY RESULTS: Results suggest that the riparian zone is harsh and that selection involving the mechanical stress of rushing water, and secondarily light, lead to significant reciprocal immigrant inviability in adjacent forest and riparian environments. The strongest adaptive divergence between varieties was seen in leaves and seedlings from the site with the sharpest ecotone, coincident with the strongest genetic isolation of var. newellii observed previously. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that disruptive selection across a sharp ecotone contributes to the maintenance of an incipient riparian ecotype from within a continuous population of a long-lived and highly dispersible tree species.
data supporting ''Tuning the mechanical properties of organophilic clay dispersions: Particle composition and preshear history effects''
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Raw data collection for the publication P. Pötschke, T. Villmow, B. Krause and B. Kretzschmar, Influence of Twin-screw Extrusion Conditions on MWCNT Length and Dispersion and Resulting Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polycarbonate Composites
<p>This data collection contains the raw data for the publication <br>Petra Pötschke, Tobias Villmow, Beate Krause and Bernd Kretzschmar, Influence of Twin-screw Extrusion Conditions on MWCNT Length and Dispersion and Resulting Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polycarbonate Composites, <strong>polymers </strong>2024, 16(19), 2694. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192694">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192694</a></p> <p>The data are sorted according to the figures and tables in which they are used.</p> <p>The description in Table 1 is taken from the reference:<br>Villmow, T.; Kretzschmar, B.; Pötschke, P. Influence of screw configuration, residence time, <br>and specific mechanical energy in twin-screw extrusion of polycaprolactone/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2010, 70, 2045-2055. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.021.</p> <p>Figure 15 is adapted from the references:<br>Krause, B.; Boldt, R.; Pötschke, P. A method for determination of length distributions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes before and after melt processing. Carbon 2011, 49, 1243-1247, https://doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.11.042.<br>and<br>Liebscher, M.; Domurath, J.; Krause, B.; Saphiannikova, M.; Heinrich, G.; Pötschke, P. Electrical and melt rheological characterization of PC and co-continuous PC/SAN blends filled with CNTs: Relationship between melt-mixing parameters, filler dispersion, and filler aspect ratio. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 2018, 56, 79-88, https://doi:10.1002/polb.24515.<br>The data are reused with permissions. </p> <p>The raw data (TEM images) used for the calculation of the carbon nanotube length distributions and mean carbon nanotube length values shown in Figs. 4, 11, 13, 16, and 17 are publically available at: Krause, B. (2024). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) detached from polycarbonate (PC) composites [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11400466</p> <p>Version v2:</p> <p>Compared to the submitted figure, in the final version in<strong> Fig. 9 </strong>the sample using the side feeder (PC-H-05) was removed and two samples extruded at 15 kg/h and 750 rpm (PC-H-25) and 1000 rpm (PC-H-26) were added. In the text-file the unit of GPa for the elastic modulus was corrected to MPa. </p> <p>Compared to the submitted Table, in the final version of <strong>Table 2 </strong>the electrical resistivity values were given in more detail including the standard deviation. The column title of sigma break was changed to sigma max, which is more correct for these stress-strain diagrams.</p> <p>Compared to the submitted Table, in the final version of <strong>Table 3</strong> the column title of sigma break was changed to sigma max, which is more correct for these stress-strain diagrams.The title of the first column was set to "screw" instead of "feeding". </p>
Legacy effects of seed dispersal mechanisms shape the spatial interaction network of plant species in Mediterranean forests
<p>1. Seed dispersal by frugivores plays a key role in structuring and maintaining tree diversity in forests. However, little is known about how the spatial legacy of seed dispersal and early recruitment shapes spatial patterns and the spatial interaction network of plant species in mature forest communities.</p> <p>2. We analysed two fully mapped mixed Pine-Oak forest communities using spatial point pattern analysis to determine (i) the detailed structure of the intraspecific spatial patterns of saplings and adults, (ii) the intra- and interspecific spatial interaction of saplings, adults, and saplings relative to adults, (iii) the spatial patterns of species richness at the community level, and (iv) whether seed dispersal mechanisms affect the plant-plant interaction networks and the ratio of adult to sapling neighbourhood densities used as surrogate for spatial self-thinning.</p> <p>3. The intraspecific spatial patterns of saplings and adults showed in general complex nested cluster structures that were similar for sapling and adult stages, despite of substantial self-thinning in some dry-fruited species. The spatial network of saplings was characterized by positive spatial interactions. Adults of several tree species facilitated saplings in their proximity; however, adults of dry-fruited species, but not those of fleshy-fruited ones, lost almost all positive interactions that occurred at the sapling stage. Besides, interaction strength between adults was positive and often significantly stronger if both species were fleshy-fruited. At the community level, the forests were structured into multispecies clumps across all life stages.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our analyses highlight the importance of the spatial legacy of seed dispersal and early recruitment in the assembly of plant communities. Particularly, animal seed dispersal can lead to multispecies clusters and positive spatial associations across life stages in Mediterranean forests, with surprisingly little signatures of negative interactions. Our analysis suggests that changes of the spatial structure across plant life stages are driven by seed dispersal mechanisms and subsequent spatial self-thinning, generating a spatial footprint at the sapling stage that conditions the long-term interactions between adult plants. Combining spatial point pattern analysis with network analysis and species traits is a promising way to disentangle the processes underlying observed patterns of local diversity. </p>
Conditional natal dispersal provides a mechanism for populations tracking resource pulses after fire
<p>Animals that persist in spatially structured populations face the challenge of tracking the rise and fall of resources across space and time. To combat these challenges, theory predicts that species should use conditional dispersal strategies that allow them to emigrate from patches with declining resources and colonize new resource patches as they appear. We studied natal dispersal movements in the black-backed woodpecker (<i>Picoides arcticus</i>), a species known for its strong association with recent post-fire forests in western North America. We radio-tracked juveniles originating from seven burned areas and tested hypotheses that environmental and individual factors influence dispersal distance and emigration rates – investigating emigration while additionally accounting for imperfect detection with a novel Bayesian model. We found that juveniles were more likely to leave natal areas and disperse longer distances if they were heavier or hatched in older burned areas where resources are increasingly scarce. Juveniles were also more likely to leave their natal burn if they hatched in a nest closer to the fire perimeter. While dispersing across the landscape, black-backed woodpeckers selected for burned forest relative to unburned available habitat. Together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that black-backed woodpecker populations track resource pulses across fire-prone landscapes, with conditional natal dispersal acting as a mechanism for locating and colonizing newly burned areas. Lending empirical support to theoretical predictions, our findings suggest that changes in resource distribution may shape dispersal patterns and, consequently, the distribution and persistence of spatially structured populations. </p>
Data from: Mechanisms of dispersal and colonisation in a wind-borne cereal pest, the haplodiploid wheat curl mite
<p><strong>Filename: </strong>1_Allele_freq</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. marker_id - Name of the microsatellite marker analysed<br> 2. regime - Experimental regime (low heterozygosity - LH; medium heterozygosity - MH; high heterozygosity - HH)<br> 3. allele frequency - The frequency of alleles occurrence in the tested populations</p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>2_Pattern_of_plants_infestation</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. regime - Experimental regime (low heterozygosity - LH; medium heterozygosity - MH; high heterozygosity - HH)<br> 2. rep.id - Repetition ID<br> 3. mites.no - Number of mites found on one plant<br> 4. plant.no - Number of plant examinated<br> </p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>3_Dispersal_colonisation_data</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. regime - Experimental regime (low heterozygosity - LH; medium heterozygosity - MH; high heterozygosity - HH)<br> 2. rep.no - Number of repetition within regime<br> 3. rep.id - Repetition ID<br> 4. mite.id - Individual mite ID<br> 5. plant.no - Number of plant examinated<br> 6. dds - Developmental stage of dispersing individual<br> 7. egg.no - Number of eggs laid<br> 8. F1_f.sex - Number of individuals developing into females<br> 9. F1_m.sex - Number of individuals developing into males</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>4_Sex_ratio</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. regime - Experimental regime (low heterozygosity - LH; medium heterozygosity - MH; high heterozygosity - HH)<br> 2. source - The source of the tested population (predisperal or postdispersal)<br> 3. rep.id - Repetition ID<br> 4. females.no - Number of females found in a population<br> 5. males.no - Number of males found in a population</p>
Data from: Varieties of the highly dispersible and hypervariable tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, differ in response to mechanical stress and light across a sharp ecotone
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Conditional natal dispersal provides a mechanism for populations tracking resource pulses after fire
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Mechanisms of male-male interference during dispersal of orchid pollen
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Data from: Population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation in ectomycorrhizal fungi with different dispersal mechanisms: Implications from ice-aged relict forests across the Japanese archipelago
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Legacy effects of seed dispersal mechanisms shape the spatial interaction network of plant species in Mediterranean forests
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Data from: High connectivity across the fragmented chemosynthetic ecosystems of the deep Atlantic Equatorial Belt: efficient dispersal mechanisms or questionable endemism?
Chemosynthetic ecosystems are distributed worldwide in fragmented habitats harbouring seemingly highly specialized communities. Yet, shared taxa have been reported from highly distant chemosynthetic communities. These habitats are distributed in distinct biogeographical regions, one of these being the so-called Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB). Here, we combined genetic data (COI) from several taxa to assess the possible existence of cryptic or synonymous species and to detect the possible occurrence of contemporary gene flow among populations of chemosynthetic species located on both sides of the Atlantic. Several Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) of Alvinocarididae shrimp and Vesicomyidae bivalves were found to be shared across seeps of the AEB. Some were also common to hydrothermal vent communities of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), encompassing taxa morphologically described as distinct species or even genera. The hypothesis of current or very recent large-scale gene flow among seeps and vents was supported by microsatellite analysis of the shrimp species Alvinocaris muricola/Alvinocaris markensis across the AEB and MAR. Two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses may explain these findings. The dispersion of larvae or adults following strong deep-sea currents, possibly combined with biochemical cues influencing the duration of larval development and timing of metamorphosis, may result in large-scale effective migration among distant spots scattered on the oceanic seafloor. Alternatively, these results may arise from the prevailing lack of knowledge on the ocean seabed, apart from emblematic ecosystems (chemosynthetic ecosystems, coral reefs or seamounts), where the widespread classification of endemism associated with many chemosynthetic taxa might hide wider distributions in overlooked parts of the deep sea.
Eggs survive through avian guts—A possible mechanism for transoceanic dispersal of flightless weevils
<p>How flightless animals disperse to remote oceanic islands is a key unresolved question in biogeography. The flightless <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils represent repetitive colonization history in West Pacific islands, which attracted our interests about how some weevils have successfully dispersed in the reverse direction against the sea current. Here, we propose endozoochory as a possible mechanism that the eggs of the weevils might be carried by embedded in the fruits as the food of frugivorous birds. In this study, <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> eggs were embedded in small pieces of persimmon fruits (<em>Diospyros kaki</em>) and fed to captive frugivorous birds. After digestion, 83%–100% eggs were retrieved from the feces of a bulbul (<em>Hypsipetes leucocephalus</em>) and two thrushes (<em>Turdus chrysolaus</em>). The retrieved eggs had hatching rates higher than 84%, which were not different from the control. In contrast, no egg was retrieved from the feces of the frugivorous pigeon (<em>Treron sieboldii</em>), which took a longer retention time in the guts. Our study identified that the eggs of <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils are possible to be transported by internal digesting in some bird species.</p>
Data from: Experimental evidence supports the ability of spotted lanternfly to hitchhike on vehicle exteriors as a mechanism for anthropogenic dispersal
<p>This data is a companion to this paper: </p> <p>Johanna E Elsensohn, Scott Wolford, Amy Tabb, Tracy Leskey, “Experimental evidence supports the ability of spotted lanternfly to hitchhike on vehicle exteriors as a mechanism for anthropogenic dispersal,” 2024, Royal Society Open Science 11:240493. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240493">doi:10.1098/rsos.240493</a>. </p> <p><br><strong>Manually-measured data</strong></p> <p>Experiments are detailed in the paper and data is contained in the table in this data release. Details of the data are available in the paper; we also summarize and define acronyms contained in the table here.</p> <p>Stage: insect life cycle stage. Values are 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup> instars, early adult, and late adult.</p> <p>Location: location on the vehicle where the insect was placed for the experiment. Values, and their USA equivalents:</p> <p>- bonnet = hood.</p> <p>- nose wing = side panel.</p> <p>- scuttle panel = cowl panel.</p> <p>- wiper blade = wiper.</p> <p>- windscreen = windshield.</p> <p>Acclim.: means that the insect was allowed an acclimation period. 1 = yes there was an acclimation period, 0 = no there was not an acclimation period.</p> <p>Max RPM reached (0/1) : the insect remained attached to the vehicle at the maximum revolutions per minute (RPM) of the blower fan, 1850 RPM, equivalent to wind speed output was 100 ± 5 km/h 60cm from the housing exhaust. </p> <p>Max RPM reached: the maximum revolutions per minute (RPM) of the blower fan at which time the insect was detached from the vehicle.</p> <p>Windspeed (ft/min): conversion of insect detachment RPM (column 7) to feet/minute.</p> <p>Windspeed (KPH): conversion of insect detachment RPM (column 7) to windspeed in kilometers/hour.</p> <p>Body size: values are null (.), small (s), and (large). The body size is only assessed for the adult life stages; all instar stages have null. The adult is considered ‘small’ if the lateral yellow area on the insect’s underside was concave or flat and less than 2 mm wide. The insect was labelled ‘large’ if the lateral yellow area was ≥ 2 mm wide and convex.</p> <p>Sex (m/f): sex (male, female) was determined for the adult stages only. All of the instar stages have the value null (.).</p>
Figure 5 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 5. Hypothetical relationships within the Typhlocharis species with unguiform and tubular gonocoxites. (A) Hypothesis 1; (B) hypothesis 2; (C) hypothesis 3; (D) hypothesis 4.
Figure 1 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 1. Trends in the description of Typhlocharis and other endogean environment captured species of Anillini. Lines represent the respective accumulation curves.
Figure 4 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 4. Details of the genitalia of Typhlocharis josabelae sp. nov. (A) Median lobe of aedeagus in left lateral view; (B) median lobe and right paramere in dorsal view; (C) left paramere in left lateral view; (D) right paramere in right lateral view; (E) apodemal ring; (F) right gonocoxite in ventral view of paratype 1; (G) right gonocoxite in ventral view of paratype 2; (H) spermatheca, glandule and conduct. Scale bars: A–D, F–H, 0.05 mm; E, 0.1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.