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271 results for “dormancy”
Assessment of the condition of winter crops before winter dormancy on the basis of Planet data; season 2018
<p>NDVI determined on the basis of images of Planets from the dates 07.09.2018 and 14.10.2018, were used to study the assessment of the winter crop before winter dormancy. Available data from the September and October dates were used to assess the degree of development and density of plants.</p>
Assessment of the condition of winter crops before winter dormancy on the basis of Sentinel-2 data; season 2018
<p>NDVI determined on the basis of images of Sentinel-2 from the dates 15 and 18.10.2018, were used to study the assessment of the winter crop before winter dormancy. Data were used to assess the degree of development and density of plants. The data was used to study the correlation with Planet.</p>
Global seed dormancy patterns are driven by macroclimate but not fire regime
<ul><li>Seed dormancy maximizes plant recruitment in habitats with variation in environmental suitability for seedling establishment. Yet, we still lack a comprehensive synthesis of the macroecological drivers of nondormancy and the different classes of seed dormancy: physiological dormancy, morphophysiological dormancy and physical dormancy.</li><li>We examined current geographic patterns and environmental correlates of global seed dormancy variation. Combining the most updated data set on seed dormancy classes for > 10 000 species with > 4 million georeferenced species occurrences covering all of the world's biomes, we test how this distribution is driven by climate and fire regime.</li><li>Seed dormancy is prevalent in seasonally cold and dry climates. Physiological dormancy occurs in relatively dry climates with high temperature seasonality (e.g. temperate grasslands). Morphophysiological dormancy is more common in forest-dominated, cold biomes with comparatively high and evenly distributed precipitation. Physical dormancy is associated with dry climates with strong seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations (e.g. deserts and savannas). Nondormancy is associated with stable, warm and wetter climates (e.g. tropical rain forest). Pyroclimate had no significant effect on the distribution of seed dormancy.</li><li>The environmental drivers considered in this study had a comparatively low predictive power, suggesting that macroclimate is just one of several global drivers of seed dormancy.</li></ul>
Data for: Co-evolution of dormancy and dispersal in spatially autocorrelated landscapes
<p>The evolution of dispersal can be driven by spatial processes, such as landscape structure, and temporal processes, such as disturbance. Dormancy, or dispersal in time, is generally thought to evolve in response to temporal processes. In spite of broad empirical and theoretical evidence of trade-offs between dispersal and dormancy, we lack evidence that spatial structure can drive the evolution of dormancy. Here, we develop a simulation-based model of the joint evolution of dispersal and dormancy in spatially heterogeneous landscapes. We show that dormancy and dispersal are each favored under different landscape conditions, but not simultaneously under any of the conditions we tested. We further show that, when dispersal distances are short, dormancy can evolve directly in response to landscape structure. In this case, selection is primarily driven by benefits associated with avoiding kin competition. Our results are similar in both highly simplified and realistically complex landscapes.</p>
Data from: defining the pyro-thermal niche: do seed traits, ecosystem type and phylogeny influence thermal thresholds in seeds with physical dormancy
<p>Seeds are a key pathway for plant population recovery following disturbance. To prevent germination during unsuitable conditions, most species produce dormant seeds. In fire-prone regions, physical dormancy (PY) enables seeds to germinate after fire. The thermal niche, incorporating seed dormancy and mortality temperature responses, has not been characterised for PY seeds from fire prone environments.</p> <p>We aimed to assess variation in thermal thresholds between species with PY seeds and if the pyro-thermal niche is aligned with seed mass, ecosystem type or phylogenetic relatedness.</p> <p>We collected post heat-shock germination data for 58 Australian species that produce PY seeds. We applied species-specific thermal performance curves to define three critical thresholds (DRT<sub>50, </sub>dormancy release temperature; T<sub>opt</sub>,<sub> </sub>optimum dormancy release temperature and LT<sub>50</sub>, lethal temperature), defining the pyro-thermal niche. Each species was assigned a mean seed weight and ecosystem type. We constructed a phylogeny to account for species relatedness and calculated phylogenetic signal (h<sup>2</sup>) for LT<sub>50,</sub> T<sub>opt</sub>, and<sub> </sub>DRT<sub>50</sub>.</p> <p>Seeds of <em>Pomaderris</em> (Rhamnaceae) had the highest T<sub>opt</sub> and LT<sub>50</sub>, and <em>Pomaderris bodalla</em> having the highest DRT<sub>50 </sub>of 101.3°C. Seeds from species within this family exhibited higher temperature thresholds than those from Fabaceae. Seed mass was only influential in explaining LT<sub>50 </sub>variation.</p>
Figure 8 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 8. The effect of afterripening and washing on the abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) levels of Lepidium drobo fruits.(A) Endogenous levels of ABA and bioactive GAs in fresh and afterripened dry seeds and pericarps. (B) ABA and bioactive GA levels during washing of fresh L. drobo fruits, as compared with afterripened fruits, and with the resultant maximum germination responses presented. Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented.N = 4 × 20 mg (dry weight,DW) of seed/pericarp for ABA and bioactive GA analysis. For a detailed statistical analysis of the ABA contents and their catabolites, see Supplementary Table S2.
Figure 4 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 4. The effects of the pericarp (fruit coat) on the water uptake of (A) Lepidium drobo and (B) Lepidium oppelionum seeds. A single asterisk refers to the time of full (>90%) completion of germination of fresh isolated seeds or fruits (seeds within pericarp), whereas a double asterisk refers to the maximum germination (52%) due to the pericarp-mediated dormancy of L. drobo (see Figure 2A). Isolated seeds and fruits exhibit a typical three-phase pattern of water uptake by seeds: phase 1 (imbibition) is followed by the plateau phase 2 (metabolic activation), and upon endosperm rupture, the radicle emergence is associated with phase 3 (water uptake indicative for the completion of germination). N = 3 × 20 (fresh seeds) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest); N = 3 × 10 for each time point measured (fresh seeds within pericarp).
Figure 3 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 3. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on the germination of Lepidium drobo and Lepidium oppelionum fresh and afterripened seeds and fruits and the levels of endogenous bioactive gibberellins (GA). (A) Dose response for the effects of exogenous GA3 on germination responses of fresh isolated seeds and fruits (seeds within pericarp). Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented. (B) Endogenous levels of bioactive gibberellins (GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7) in fresh and afterripened seeds and pericarps of L. drobo. N = 4 × 20 mg (dry weight, DW) of seed/pericarp are presented.
Figure 2 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 2. The effect of afterripening and cold stratification on the germination of Lepidium drobo and Lepidium oppelionum isolated seeds and indehiscent fruits (seeds within pericarp). (A) The effect of afterripening (dry) storage at room temperature and humidity. (B) The effect of cold stratification in the imbibed state under dark conditions in a refrigerator (4 C). Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/ 15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented.
Figure 1 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 1. Seed and fruit structure and germination of Lepidium drobo and Lepidium oppelionum. Seeds tightly adhere to the fruit wall in L. drobo but not in L. oppelionum. (A) Lepidium drobo seed (oval); (B) L. oppelionum seed (oval and flattened); (C) L. drobo fruit (heart-podded); (D) L. oppelionum fruit (globe-podded); (E) L. drobo manually opened fruits, seeds are tightly adhered to the pericarp (fruit wall); and (F) L. oppelionum manually opened fruits, seeds are loosely adhered to the fruit wall. Radicle emergence through the ruptured testa and endosperm marks the completion of germination of imbibed seeds of L. drobo (G) and L. oppelionum (H). (I) Pericarp rupture and radicle emergence as visible events marking the completion of L. drobo fruit germination. (J) Pericarp rupture and radicle emergence following the seed germination within the L. oppellionum fruits. A Leica M165 FC Fluorescence Classic Stereomicroscope (Wetzlar, Germany) was used to take pictures of seeds and fruits.
Figure 7 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 7. The effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), wash water from Lepidium drobo pericarp (fresh, fresh-washed, and afterripened) on the germination of L. drobo fresh and afterripened isolated seeds.(A) Germination dose-response of L.drobo seeds incubated with different ABA concentrations.(B) The effect of wash water from pericarp on the germination of L. drobo seeds.Wash water of fresh L. drobo pericarp inhibits at a level similar to 0.3 μM ABA.Lepidium oppelionum pericarp does not contain ABA or other water-soluble compounds that may inhibit germination.Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented. Pericarp tissues of 300 mg were washed with 3 ml of distilled water using a shaker at 100 rpm for 6 h to obtain the pericarp wash water applied in the germination assays.
Figure 6 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 6. The effect of treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), wash water from fresh pericarp, wash water of washed fresh pericarp, and wash water of afterripened pericarp on the germination kinetics of Lepidium drobo isolated seeds. (A) The effect of wash water from L. drobo pericarp on the germination of L. drobo fresh seeds. (B) Germination dose response of L. drobo fresh seeds incubated with different ABA concentrations applied. (C) The effect of wash water from L. drobo pericarp on the germination of L. drobo afterripened seeds. (D) Germination dose response of L. drobo afterripened seeds incubated with different ABA concentrations applied. Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented. Pericarp tissues weighing 300 mg were washed with 3 ml of distilled water using a shaker at 100 rpm for 6 h to obtain the pericarp wash water applied in the germination assays.
Figure 5 in Pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy controls the fruit germination of the invasive hoary cress (Lepidium drobo), but not of hairy whitetop (Lepidium oppelionum)
Figure 5. The effects of pericarp scarification, sterilization, washing, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment on the germination of Lepidium drobo and Lepidium oppelionum freshly harvested mature fruits. (A) Germination of fresh isolated seeds, untreated fresh fruits (seeds enclosed within untreated pericarp), scarified fresh fruits (seeds enclosed within scarified pericarp, that is, mechanical constraint of pericarp removed by scarification with razor blade), surface-sterilized fresh fruits (seeds enclosed within surface-sterilized pericarp to eliminate microbial activity), and washed fresh fruits (fruits washed for 24 h to remove water-soluble chemical inhibitors) of L. drobo ond L. oppelionum. (B) Germination of fresh and afterripened indehiscent fruits and isolated seeds without (control) and with addition of 5 μM ABA. Mean values ± SE (N = 3 × 25) of accessions KM 1296 and KM 1754 (2014 to 2015 harvest) at optimal germination assay conditions (12/12-h light regime at 25/15 C day/night for 28 d) are presented. Different letters (a, b) designate significantly different mean values as determined by Tukey's pairwise multiple-comparison test (P <0.05).
Fig. 1. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937 in Autothecal morphs and dormancy in the camaroid graptolite Xenotheka
Fig. 1. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937; lower Llanvirn, Gilbergabrottet 1, Öland. Isolated autothecae, normal morph. A. Specimen ZPAL G.31/1 in lateral view (A1),, upper (A2)view, and proximal part of autotheca (A3). B. Specimen ZPAL G.31/2 in lateral view (B1), proximal part of autotheca (B2), lower wall (attachment surface or sole) (B3), and vesicular diaphragm (B4). Abbreviations: a, attachment surface; d, vesicular diaphragm of autothecal stolon; a, autothecal aperture; ca, camara; co, collum; g, grains of sediment attached to periderm; m, remnants of marginal (basal) membrane; o, basal opening in camara wall filled with vesicular diaphragm; s, mould of the terminal portion of the parental stolotheca (?).
Fig. 2 in Autothecal morphs and dormancy in the camaroid graptolite Xenotheka
Fig. 2. Sealing of the thecal aperture (occlusion) in some sessile graptolites. SEM micrographs. A. Xenotheka klinostoma Eisenack, 1937; ZPAL G.12/4, Llandeilo, borehole Krzyże 4 (Poland), depth 473 m. Distal part of autotheca. B. Camaroid gen. et sp. nov. 1; ZPAL G.31/4, Ordovician erratic boulder, northern Poland. Distal part of autotheca. C. Epigraptus kozlowskii Mierzejewski, 1978 (Tuboidea); ZPAL G.31/3, Lower Ordovician (Kunda Stage, Aluoja Substage), Sukhrumägi in Tallinn, Estonia. Bitheca on the thecorhiza surface. Explanations: c, camara; co, collum; o, occlusion; p, apertural process; t, thecorhiza, v, verruca of verrucose fabric. Arrow shows discontinuity between autothecal wall and occlusion.
Population dynamics of C. elegans and C. briggsae dormancy mutants
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Data for: Co-evolution of dormancy and dispersal in spatially autocorrelated landscapes
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Data from: Defining the pyro-thermal niche: do seed traits, ecosystem type and phylogeny influence thermal thresholds in seeds with physical dormancy
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Optimal resource allocation and prolonged dormancy strategies in herbaceous plants
<p>1. Understanding the fitness consequences of different life histories is critical for explaining their diversity and for predicting effects of changing environmental conditions. However, current theory on plant life histories relies on phenomenological, rather than mechanistic, models of resource production.</p> <p>2. We combined a well-supported mechanistic model of ontogenetic growth that incorporates differences in the size-dependent scaling of gross resource production and maintenance costs with a dynamic optimization model to predict schedules of reproduction and prolonged dormancy (plants staying below ground for ≥ 1 growing season) that maximize lifetime offspring production.</p> <p>3. Our model makes three novel predictions: First, maintenance costs strongly influence the conditions under which a monocarpic or polycarpic life history evolves and how resources should be allocated to reproduction by polycarpic plants. Second, in contrast to previous theory, our model allows plants to compensate for low survival conditions by allocating a larger proportion of resources to storage and thereby improving overwinter survival. Incorporating this ecological mechanism in the model is critically important because without it our model never predicts significant investment into storage, which is inconsistent with empirical observations. Third, our model predicts that prolonged dormancy may evolve solely in response to resource allocation tradeoffs.</p> <p>4. Significance: Our findings reveal that maintenance costs and the effects of resource allocation on survival are primary determinants of the fitness consequences of different life history strategies, yet previous theory on plant life history evolution has largely ignored these factors. Our findings also validate recent arguments that prolonged dormancy may be an optimal response to costs of sprouting. These findings have broad implications for understanding patterns of plant life history variation and predicting plant responses to changing environments.</p>
Dormancy in laboratory-reared Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis
<p>An insect's capacity to survive winter is critical for range expansion in temperate regions. The Asian longhorned beetle (<em>Anoplophora glabripennis</em>) is a polyphagous wood-boring insect native to China and the Korean peninsula and poses a high risk of invasion in North America and Europe. It is unclear whether <em>A. glabripennis</em> enters diapause, which means that diapause cannot be included in assessments of the risk of this species invading forests in temperate regions. Using a laboratory colony, we examine larval developmental arrest, metabolic rates, gas exchange patterns, thermal sensitivity, and body composition to characterize larval dormancy. Chilled larvae entered a temperature-independent developmental arrest which usually required more than four weeks of chilling to break, decreased their metabolic rate by as much as 63 %, and maintained energy stores throughout the chilling period – results consistent with an obligate diapause. We also observed a switch to discontinuous gas exchange at low temperatures. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate did not differ between chilled and non-chilled larvae. Taken together, we conclude that <em>A. glabripennis</em> enters a larval diapause during chilling and terminates diapause after a requisite chilling period. These results will enhance our ability to predict phenology and potential distribution of current and future invasions of <em>A. glabripennis</em>. An insect's capacity to survive winter is critical for range expansion in temperate regions. The Asian longhorned beetle (<em>Anoplophora glabripennis</em>) is a polyphagous wood-boring insect native to China and the Korean peninsula and poses a high risk of invasion in North America and Europe. It is unclear whether <em>A. glabripennis</em> enters diapause, which means that diapause cannot be included in assessments of the risk of this species invading forests in temperate regions. Using a laboratory colony, we examine larval developmental arrest, metabolic rates, gas exchange patterns, thermal sensitivity, and body composition to characterize larval dormancy. Chilled larvae entered a temperature-independent developmental arrest which usually required more than four weeks of chilling to break, decreased their metabolic rate by as much as 63 %, and maintained energy stores throughout the chilling period – results consistent with an obligate diapause. We also observed a switch to discontinuous gas exchange at low temperatures. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate did not differ between chilled and non-chilled larvae. Taken together, we conclude that <em>A. glabripennis</em> enters a larval diapause during chilling and terminates diapause after a requisite chilling period. These results will enhance our ability to predict phenology and potential distribution of current and future invasions of <em>A. glabripennis</em>.</p>
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