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opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Blood glucose modulation and safety of efferent vagus nerve stimulation in a type 2 diabetic rat model

Vagus nerve stimulation is emerging as a promising treatment for type 2 diabetes. Here, we evaluated the ability of stimulation of the vagus nerve to reduce glycaemia in awake, freely moving metabolically compromised rats. A model of type 2 diabetes (n=10) was induced using a high-fat diet and low doses of streptozotocin. Stimulation of the abdominal vagus nerve was achieved by pairing 15 Hz pulses on a distal pair of electrodes with high-frequency blocking stimulation (26 kHz, 4 mA) on a proximal pair of electrodes to preferentially produce efferent conducting activity (eVNS). Stimulation was well tolerated in awake, freely moving rats. During 1 hour of eVNS, glycaemia decreased in 90% of subjects (-1.25±1.25 mM·h, P=0.017), and 2 dB above neural threshold was established as the most effective 'dose' of eVNS (P=0.009). Following 5 weeks of implantation, eVNS was still effective, resulting in significantly decreased glycaemia (-1.7±0.6 mM·h, P=0.003) during 1 hour of eVNS. There were no overt changes in fascicle area or signs of histopathological damage observed in implanted vagal nerve tissue following chronic implantation and stimulation. Demonstration of the biocompatability and safety of eVNS in awake, metabolically compromised animals is a critical first step to establishing this therapy for clinical use. With further development, eVNS could be a promising novel therapy for treating type 2 diabetes.

ClinicalTrials.gov36/100

Role of the Auditory Efferent System in Auditory Perceptual Learning

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02574247. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 8.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov36/100

Implementation of an Efferent Loop Stimulation Protocol Prior to Ileostomy Closure at La Paz University Hospital

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06974500. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →

publicFeb 2025View details →

GABAergic synapses between auditory efferent neurons and type II spiral ganglion afferent neurons in the mouse cochlea

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publicOct 2025View details →

iGABASnFR data from: Co-release of GABA and ACh from medial olivocochlear neurons as a fine regulatory mechanism of cochlear efferent inhibition

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publicNov 2022View details →

Blood glucose modulation and safety of efferent vagus nerve stimulation in a type 2 diabetic rat model

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publicOct 2025View details →

Ventral pallidum efferent pathways via mediodorsal thalamus and lateral habenula mediate distinct aspects of default mode network regulation

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Fig. 18 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 18 External scent efferent system of Polytes lineolatus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Detail of evaporatorium. d Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 100 µm; c, d 20 µm

Fig. 17 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 17 External scent efferent system of Pachycoris torridus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 1 mm; b 100 µm; c, d 10 µm; e 20 µm

Fig. 9 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 9 External scent efferent system of Crathis ansata. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 200 µm; c–e 10 µm

Fig. 8 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 8 External scent efferent system of Coptochilus ferrugineus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d–e Details of evaporatorium. f Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 100 µm; c 5 µm; d, f 10 µm

Fig. 19 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 19 External scent efferent system of Sphyrocoris obliquus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 200 µm; c–e 20 µm

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 5A–M. External scent efferent system. a. A. bergrothi Distant, b. A. carinopilosus new species, c. A. chiapensis new species, d. A. cristobalensis new species, e. A. denticulatus new species, f. A. laevifemoralis new species, g. A. longinoi new species, h. A. lorenae new species, i. A. marcelae new species, j. A. puncticarinatus new species, k. A. santiagensis new species, l. A. septemclavatus new species, m. A in The genus Amnestus Dallas (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae: Amnestinae) in Mexico, with the description of eleven new species from Chiapas

FIGURES 5A–M. External scent efferent system. a. A. bergrothi Distant, b. A. carinopilosus new species, c. A. chiapensis new species, d. A. cristobalensis new species, e. A. denticulatus new species, f. A. laevifemoralis new species, g. A. longinoi new species, h. A. lorenae new species, i. A. marcelae new species, j. A. puncticarinatus new species, k. A. santiagensis new species, l. A. septemclavatus new species, m. A. stali Distant.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2019View details →

Human pancreatic afferent and efferent nerves: mapping and 3-D illustration of exocrine, endocrine, and adipose innervation

Supplemental Fig. S1 (related to Fig. 2).  Mapping and detection of sensory neurons in human pancreatic duct lesion formation. Supplemental Table S1.  Summary of color codes presented in illustrations. Supplemental Table S2.  Summary of primary and secondary antibodies used in illustrations.   Supplemental Video Legends Supplemental Video S1 (related to Fig. 2) Human pancreatic substance P+ sensory (afferent) nerves. Left (still image): projection of pancreatic innervation at the acinar-islet boundary. Blue: glucagon (islet). Green: neuroendocrine marker PGP9.5 (nerve and islet). Red: substance P (SP, sensory nerve). Sensory nerves appear as yellow fibers (overlap of red SP and green PGP9.5 signals). Broken arrow: enlarged area (right panel). Right: in-depth recording of peri-ductal sensory nerves. Sensory nerves (yellow) are around the islet but not penetrating into the core. White: nuclei. Note that a portion of islet cells are SP dim. The still image and recording were derived from a normal human pancreas (female/age, 51 years/BMI, 20).   Supplemental Video S2 (related to Fig. 2 and Supplemental Fig. S1) Mapping and detection of immunoreactive substance P+ neuron in duct lesion formation.   Left (still image): tissue map of human pancreas distal to ductal adenocarcinoma. Acinar atrophy is apparent in this condition. Markers: nuclei, white; PGP9.5, green; substance P (SP), red. Broken arrow: intra-pancreatic ganglion (right panel). Right: in-depth recording of immunoreactive SP+ neuron in ganglion. The nucleus (00:04) and the SP+ varicosities are prominently seen. The latter contacts the surrounding SP- neurons. The still image and recording were derived from an area 5-cm distal to the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (male/age, 77 years/staging, T1N0).   Supplemental Video S3 (related to Fig. 3) Mouse pancreatic substance P+ sensory (afferent) nerves. Left (still image): projection of pancreatic sensory innervation. In mice, the SP+ sensory nerves follow the arteriole to the islet mantle and penetrating into the core (enlarged in right panel). Markers: blood vessels, blue; PGP9.5, green; substance P (SP), red. Right: in-depth recording of sensory innervation of islet. Unlike the human pancreatic sensory innervation, the mouse SP+ sensory nerves (varicosities) are inside the islet and associate with the peri-islet ganglion. White: nuclear staining and tissue autofluorescence. The still image and recording were derived from a B6 mouse pancreas (male/age, 12 weeks).

FIGURES 108–113 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 108–113. Meso- and metapleuron, most exposed view: 10—Eurostus moutoni Montandon, 1894; 109— Eusthenes robustus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825); 110—Eurypleura bicornis (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825); 111— Mattiphus aurifer Stål, 1870; 112—Pseudopycanum nigromarginatum (Stål, 1863); 113—Pycanum rubens (Fabricius, 1794). Abbreviations: apl—anterior peritremal lobe, ev—evaporatorium (dotted), mam—median area on posterior margin of mesopleuron, o—ostiole, ppl—posterior peritremal lobe, sp—metathoracic spiracle.

FIGURES 128–134. Platytatus ambiguus Bergroth, 1892 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 128–134. Platytatus ambiguus Bergroth, 1892, SEM-photographs of internal orifice and vestibule. 128— internal view of meso- and metapleura (magnification 22x). 129—position of internal orifice and vestibule (43x). 130— apex of vestibule and external scent efferent system viewed from inside (130x). 131–132—internal orifice (131—600x; 132—detail of mycoid surface, 1200x). 133–134—longitudinal section of vestibule with mycoid surface (133—600x; 134 detail of Fig. 133—1200x). Abbreviations: apl—depression corresponding to median (= anterior) peritremal lobe, cx2—mesocoxa, cx3—metacoxa, ev—elevation corresponding to the evaporatorium, io—internal orifice, o—ostiole, ppl—depression corresponding to lateral (= posterior) peritremal lobe, ve—vestibule; the arrows and numbers indicate positions of the details.

FIGURES 135–137 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 135–137. Phylogenetic trees (unsupported nodes supressed). 135—strict consensus of 25 most parsimonious trees derived by unweighted parsimony analysis (tree length = 148 steps, consistency index = 0.46, retention index = 0.59); 136—strict consensus of 7 most parsimonious trees derived by implied weighting analysis (tree length = 10.40714, consistency index = 0.45, retention index = 0.58); 137—strict consensus of 18 most parsimonous trees derived by successive weighting analysis (tree length = 92.25 steps, consistency index = 0.48, retention index = 0.62).

FIGURES 23–28 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 23–28. Oncomeris flavicornis (Guérin-Méneville, 1831), SEM-photographs of meso- and metapleuron, details of microsculpture: 23–24—mycoid and transitional microsculpture of metapleuron (magnifications: 23—300x; 24—detail of from Fig. 23, 1,000x); 25—mycoid surface of metapleuron evaporatorium (1,000x); 26—non-mycoid surface of metapleuron (1,000x); 27–28—metathoracic spiracle (27—median part, 300x; 28—lateral part, 300x).

FIGURES 90–95 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 90–95. Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury, 1770), SEM-photographs of internal orifice and vestibule. 90— section of internal orifice, anterior part (magnification 250x). 91—section of internal orifice and vestibule, posterior part with prominent vestibular furrows (70x). 92—section of internal orifice, detail of Fig. 91 (500x). 93—internal orifice (120x). 94—valve plate, transition of mycoid and smooth surrounding surface (700x). 95—mycoid surface of vestibule (1,000x). Abbreviations: io—internal orifice, mtf—metafurca, mys—mycoid surface, pes—peritremal surface, ve— vestibule, vp—valve plate; the arrows and numbers indicate positions of the details.

FIGURES 37–41 in Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

FIGURES 37–41. Oncomeris flavicornis (Guérin-Méneville, 1831), SEM-photographs of internal orifice and vestibule: 37–38—section of vestibule, dorsal surface at the bottom (magnifications: 37—35x, 38—200x); 39—position of internal orifice and vestibule (40x); 40—internal orifice (100x); 41—internal orifice, detail of Fig. 40 (300x). Abbreviations: io—internal orifice, msf—mesofurca, mtf—metafurca, mys—mycoid surface, pes—peritremal surface, ve—vestibule, voa—valve opener apodeme; the arrows and numbers indicate positions of the details.