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125 results for “fitness consequences”
An estimate of fitness reduction from mutation accumulation in a mammal allows assessment of the consequences of relaxed selection: Dataset
<p>Supplementary files (data and analysis) for "An estimate of fitness reduction from mutation accumulation in a mammal allows assessment of the consequences of relaxed selection"</p> <p>Supplementary File 1: C3H_pheno_fix_Jun7_2023_nolowmut.csv</p> <p>Data for all mice in MA experiment including: mouse ID, sire, dam, generation, mating ID, sex, weight at 3 weeks, weight at 6 weeks, tail length, litter size, litter ID, line ID</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 2: C3H_pheno_Kontrol_June2023.csv</p> <p>Data for all control mice including: mouse ID, sire, dam, generation, mating ID, sex, weight at 3 weeks, weight at 6 weeks, tail length, litter size, litter ID, line ID</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 3: C3H_birthdates.csv</p> <p>Data for all C3H mice including: mouse ID, birthdate</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 4: MA_pheno.R</p> <p>R code for visualising trait data, running linear regressions, and comparing control and MA experiment data</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 5: C3H_pheno_burnin20_Jun7_2023_nolowmut.csv</p> <p>Data for all mice in MA experiment including a 20 generation burn-in to simulate mutation-drift balance for Animal model analyses: mouse ID, sire, dam, generation, mating ID, sex, weight at 3 weeks, weight at 6 weeks, tail length, litter size, litter ID, line ID</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 6: asreml_C3H_ALL.R</p> <p>R code for estimating mutational heritabilities using mixed model analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 7: C3H_ped_rekey_Jun2023.csv</p> <p>Pedigree data for all mice in MA experiment</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 8: C3H_ped_rekey_KEY.csv</p> <p>Key for pedigree data file</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary File 9: plot_pedigree_tree_MS_final.R</p> <p>R code for visualising pedigree of mice in MA experiment</p>
Raw data for: "Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness"
<p><strong>Raw data for the article:</strong> Bestion, E, Soriano-Redondo, A, Cucherousset, J, Jacob, S, White, J, Zinger, L, Fourtune, L, Di Gesu, L, Teyssier, A, Cote, J. Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness. Proceedings of the Royal Society: B. 2019. 286:20192227. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2227</p> <p><strong>This data should be cited as</strong>: Bestion, E, Soriano-Redondo, A, Cucherousset, J, Jacob, S, White, J, Zinger, L, Fourtune, L, Di Gesu, L, Teyssier, A, Cote, J (2019). Raw data for: "Altered trophic interactions in warming climates: consequences for predator diet breadth and fitness", Bestion et al 2019 Proceedings B. (Version 1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3475402</p> <p><strong>This data is composed of</strong> one dataset with 21 columns and a README file</p> <p>Composition of the Bestion_2019_isotopy_dataset_for_zenodo.csv dataset</p> <p>- Individual: numerical index corresponding to each of the 327 individuals in the dataset<br> - Age: age class, J = juvenile (<1 year old), A = adult (1 and 2+ year old)<br> - Sex: F (female) or M (male)<br> - Climate: Present-day climate or Warm climate<br> - Enclosure: enclosure number (10 enclosures, 5 per climatic treatment)<br> - delta13C_september: stable isotope values for delta13C in september<br> - delta15N_september: stable isotope values for delta15N in september<br> - delta13C_september_corrected: stable isotope values for delta13C in september corrected for the stable isotope value of the three invertebrate prey categories<br> - delta15N_september_corrected: stable isotope values for delta15N in september corrected for the stable isotope value of the three invertebrate prey categories<br> - Prop_predator_eaten: proportion of predatory invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Prop_phytophagous_eaten: proportion of phytophagous invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Prop_detritivorous_eaten: proportion of detritivorous invertebrates eaten by each individual derived from the corrected stable isotope values<br> - Levins_diet_index: levins' dietary index corresponding to lizard diet specialization (with 3 = completely generalist and 1 = completely specialist lizard)<br> - Body_Size_september: lizard body size (snout-vent length in mm)<br> - Body_Mass_september: lizard body mass (in g)<br> - Body_Condition_september: lizard body condition (residuals of body mass by body size)<br> - Microbiota_shannon_index: shannon index representing gut microbial bacteria community diversity<br> - Survival_winter: survival during the winter (1 = survived, 0 = died)<br> - Abundance_predator_enclosure: abundance of predatory invertebrates within the enclosure<br> - Abundance_phytophagous_enclosure: abundance of phytophagous invertebrates within the enclosure<br> - Abundance_detitivorous_enclosure: abundance of detritivorous invertebrates within the enclosure</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Pre- and postnatal noise directly impairs avian development, with fitness consequences
<p><span>Noise pollution is expanding at an unprecedented rate and </span><span>is</span><span> increasingly associated with impaired reproduction and development across taxa. However, whether noise soundwaves are intrinsically harmful for developing young – or merely disturb parents – and the fitness consequences of early exposure </span><span>remains</span><span> unknown. Here, </span><span>by only manipulating the offspring</span><span>, we </span><span>show</span><span> that sole exposure to noise in early-life </span><span>in zebra finches </span><span>has fitness consequences, </span><span>and causes</span><span> embryonic death during exposure. </span><span>Exposure to </span><span>pre- and postnatal traffic noise cumulatively impaired nestling growth and physiology, and </span><span>aggravated telomere shortening </span><span>across life stages </span><span>until adulthood</span><span>. Consistent with a long-term somatic impact, early-life noise exposure, especially prenatally, decreased individual offspring production throughout adulthood. Our findings </span><span>suggest the </span><span>effects of noise pollution </span><span>are more pervasive </span><span>than previously realized.</span></p>
Acceptable loss: Fitness consequences of salinity-induced cell death in a halotolerant microalga
<p>Environmentally induced reductions in fitness components (survival, fecundity) are generally considered as passive, maladaptive responses to stress. However, there is also mounting evidence for active, programmed forms of environmentally induced cell death in unicellular organisms. While conceptual work has questioned how such programmed cell death (PCD) might be maintained by natural selection, few experimental studies have investigated how PCD influences genetic differences in longer-term fitness across environments. Here, we tracked the population dynamics of two closely related strains of the halotolerant microalga <em>Dunaliella salina</em>, following transfers across salinities. We showed that after a salinity rise, only one of these strains displayed a massive population decline (-69% in one hour), largely attenuated by exposure to a PCD inhibitor. However, this decline was followed by a rapid demographic rebound, characterized by faster growth than the non-declining strain, such that sharper decline was correlated with faster subsequent growth across experiments and conditions. Strikingly, the decline was more pronounced in conditions more favourable to growth (more light, more nutrients, less competition), further suggesting that it was not simply passive. We explored several hypotheses that could explain this decline-rebound pattern, which suggests that <span>successive stresses could select for </span>higher environmentally induced death in this system<span>.</span></p>
Data and code to reproduce analysis in Sacchi et al. 2023: Sex-specific fitness consequences of mate change in Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea)
<p>This data package contains data and code needed to reproduce the analysis reported in <strong>Sex-specific fitness consequences of mate change in Scopoli’s shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea), doi </strong>10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.05.017</p> <p>Included are:</p> <p>1) Readme file - description of all other files and variables described in datasets</p> <p>2) Appendix.Rmd = R code file containing all the analysis reported in the paper</p> <p>3) breed.txt = this data table contains data for the analysis of fitness/breeding success</p> <p>4) skip.txt = this data table contains data for the analysis of skipping behaviour</p> <p>5) females.txt = this file contains data in headed format to build CR models for the female population. Covariate indicates if an individual's life history started with event 1 (partner known, first partner) or with event 3 (partner unknown).</p> <p>6) males.txt = this file contains data in headed format to build CR models for the male population. Covariate indicates if an individual's life history started with event 1 (partner known, first partner) or with event 3 (partner unknown).</p> <p>7) gepat.pat = this file contains the matrix design necessary to run CR models with e-surge (version 2.2.3)</p> <p> </p>
Fitness consequences of anthropogenic subsidies for a partially migratory wading bird
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Pre- and postnatal noise directly impairs avian development, with fitness consequences
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Acceptable loss: Fitness consequences of salinity-induced cell death in a halotolerant microalga
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Identifying the fitness consequences of sex in complex natural environments
In the natural world, sex prevails, despite its costs. While much effort has been dedicated to identifying the intrinsic costs of sex (e.g. the cost of males), few studies have identified the ecological fitness consequences of sex. Furthermore, correlated biological traits that differ between sexuals and asexuals may alter these costs, or even render the typical costs of sex irrelevant. We conducted a large-scale multi-site reciprocal transplant using multiple sexual and asexual genotypes of a native North American wildflower to show that sexual genotypes have reduced lifetime fitness, despite lower herbivory. We separated the effects of sex from those of hybridity, finding that over-winter survival is elevated in asexuals regardless of hybridity, but herbivores target hybrid asexuals more than non-hybrid asexual or sexual genotypes. Survival is lowest in homozygous sexual lineages, implicating inbreeding depression as a cost of sex. Our results show that the consequences of sex are shaped not just by sex itself, but by complex natural environments, correlated traits, and the identity and availability of mates.
Data from: Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
Mutualisms are only rarely one-to-one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualisms, and we would therefore expect that each mutualist interacts with multiple exploiters as well. Exploiter species may also interact with one another. For example, the action of one exploiter species might open the opportunity for exploitation by a second species. Exploitation is common in many plant–pollinator mutualisms: 'primary' nectar robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, which can be subsequently used by 'secondary' nectar robbers unable to create holes themselves. The overall effect of nectar robbing on plant fitness is often (although not always) negative. No study has separated the effects of interacting with primary vs. secondary robbers. Here, we examine the effects of primary vs. secondary nectar robbing on pollinator visitation rate and female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. Manipulating the type of nectar robbing that flowers experienced, we found that secondary nectar robbing inflicted fitness costs to plants beyond that inflicted by primary robbing alone. Secondary nectar robbing significantly reduced pollen receipt to flowers, as well as fruit and seed production. Although the causes are elusive, the effect may be attributed to changes in pollinator behaviour at these plants. Synthesis. Our findings provide evidence that interacting with multiple exploiters can lead to increased negative effects for mutualists, and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple exploiters into the conceptual framework of mutualism.
Data from: Individual and population fitness consequences associated with large carnivore use of residential development
<p><span>Large carnivores are negotiating increasingly developed landscapes, but little is known about how such behavioral plasticity influences their demographic rates and population trends. Some investigators have suggested that the ability of carnivores to behaviorally adapt to human development will enable their persistence, and yet, others have suggested that such landscapes are likely to serve as population sinks or ecological traps. To understand how plasticity in black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) use of residential development influences their population dynamics, we conducted a 6 year study near Durango, Colorado, USA. </span>Using space-use data on individual bears, we examined the influence of use of residential development on annual measures of bear body fat, cub productivity, cub survival and adult female survival, after accounting for variation in natural food availability and individual attributes (e.g., age). We then used our field-based vital rate estimates to parameterize a matrix model that simulated asymptotic population growth for bears using residential development to different degrees. We found that bear use of residential development was highly variable within and across years, with bears increasing their foraging within development when natural foods were scarce. Increased bear use of development was associated with increased body fat and cub productivity, but reduced cub and adult survival.<span> When these effects were simultaneously incorporated into a matrix model </span>we found that the population was projected to decline as bear use of development increased, given that the costs of reduced survival outweighed the benefits of enhanced productivity. Our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how black bear use of residential development exerts opposing effects on different bear fitness traits and a negative effect on population growth, with the magnitude of those effects mediated by variation in environmental conditions. They also highlight the importance of monitoring bear population dynamics, particularly as shifts in bear behavior are likely to drive increases in human-bear conflicts and the perception of growing bear populations. Finally, our work emphasizes the need to consider the demographic viability of large carnivore populations when promoting the coexistence of people and carnivores on shared landscapes.</p>
Data from: Fitness consequences of interspecific nesting associations among cavity-nesting birds
Interspecific aggregations of prey may provide benefits by mitigating predation risk, but they can also create costs if they increase competition for resources or are more easily detectable by predators. Variation in predation risk and resource availability may influence the occurrence and fitness effects of aggregating in nature. Yet, tests of such possibilities are lacking. Cavity nesting birds provide an interesting test case. They compete aggressively for resources and experience low nest predation rates, which might predict dispersion, but we found they commonly aggregate by sharing nest trees across 19 years of study. Tree sharing was more common when aspen were more abundant and somewhat more common in years with higher nest predation risk. Nest success was higher in shared trees when nest predation risk was higher than average. Ultimately, the costs and benefits of aggregating (nest tree sharing) varied across years and we outline hypotheses for future studies.
Data from: Chemical defense over decadal scales: ontogenetic allocation trajectories and consequences for fitness in a foundation tree species
1. Expression of herbivore defense traits can change dramatically during the course of plant development. Little is known, however, about the degree of genetic or sexual variation in these ontogenetic defense trajectories or whether the trajectories themselves are adaptive, especially in long‐lived species. 2. We used a 13‐year dataset of chemical defense traits, growth, and survivorship from a common garden of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) genotypes to document long‐term defense trajectories and their relationship to tree fitness during juvenile and early mature stages. 3. Overall, concentrations of the two principal classes of aspen defense compounds (salicinoid phenolic glycosides [SPGs] and condensed tannins [CTs]) decreased to differing degrees in foliage of juvenile trees and then remained relatively constant in maturity. Initial values, juvenile rates of change, and average mature values all exhibited significant genetic variation for both SPGs and CTs. 4. Relationships between defense trajectory parameters and metrics of tree fitness (growth and survivorship) depended on compound type and tree sex. Females with higher‐allocation SPG trajectories (high initial juvenile concentrations, slow juvenile declines, high mature concentrations) grew more slowly relative to females with lower‐allocation trajectories. In males, higher‐allocation SPG trajectories had a lesser effect on growth but were associated with reduced mortality. Juvenile CT trajectories were not correlated with tree fitness, but average CT concentration in maturity was positively related to growth in females. 5. These results suggest that ontogenetic defense trajectories are adaptive and subject to natural selection. Genotypic variation and ontogeny shape tree defensive chemistry, both independently and interactively. These patterns of defense expression have the potential to structure trophic interactions and the genetic composition of forests in both space and time.
Data for the article entitled "ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CORRELATES, AND ENERGETIC CONSEQUENCES OF FITNESS MAXIMISATION ON DIFFERENT MIGRATORY BEHAVIOURS IN A LONG-LIVED SCAVENGER"
<p>Data used in the statistical analyses of the article entitled "ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CORRELATES, AND ENERGETIC CONSEQUENCES OF FITNESS MAXIMISATION ON DIFFERENT MIGRATORY BEHAVIOURS IN A LONG-LIVED SCAVENGER"</p>
Artificial size selection experiment reveals telomere length dynamics and fitness consequences in a wild passerine
<p>Telomere dynamics could underlie life-history trade-offs among growth, size, and longevity, but our ability to quantify such processes in natural, unmanipulated populations is limited. We investigated how 4 years of artificial selection for either larger or smaller tarsus length, a proxy for body size, affected early-life telomere length (TL) and several components of fitness in two insular populations of wild house sparrows over a study period of 11 years. The artificial selection was expected to shift the populations away from their optimal body size and increase the phenotypic variance in body size. Artificial selection for larger individuals caused TL to decrease, but there was little evidence that TL increased when selecting for smaller individuals. There was a negative correlation between nestling TL and tarsus length under both selection regimes. Males had longer telomeres than females and there was a negative effect of harsh weather on TL. We then investigated whether changes in TL might underpin fitness effects due to the deviation from the optimal body size. Mortality analyses indicated disruptive selection on TL because both short and long early-life telomeres tended to be associated with the lowest mortality rates. In addition, there was a tendency for a negative association between TL and annual reproductive success, but only in the population where body size was increased experimentally. Our results suggest that natural selection for optimal body size in the wild may be associated with changes in TL during growth, which is known to be linked to longevity in some bird species.</p>
Data from: Sustained positive consequences of genetic rescue of fitness and behavioural traits in inbred populations of Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span>One solution to alleviate the detrimental genetic effects associated with reductions in population size and fragmentation is to introduce immigrants from other populations. While the effects of this genetic rescue on fitness traits are fairly well known, it is less clear to what extent inbreeding depression and subsequent genetic rescue affects behavioural traits. In this study, replicated crosses between inbred lines of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> were performed in order to investigate the effects of inbreeding and genetic rescue on egg-to-adult viability and negative geotaxis behaviour - a locomotor response used to measure e.g. the effects of physiological ageing. Transgenerational effects of outcrossing were investigated by examining the fitness consequences in both the F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>4</sub> generation. The majority of inbred lines showed evidence for inbreeding depression for both egg-to-adult viability and behavioural performance (95% and 66% of lines, respectively), with inbreeding depression being more pronounced for viability compared to locomotor response. Subsequent outcrossing with immigrants led to an alleviation of the negative effects for both viability and geotaxis response resulting in inbred lines being similar to the outbred controls, with beneficial effects persisting from F<sub>1</sub> to F<sub>4</sub>. Overall, the results clearly show that genetic rescue can provide transgenerational rescue of small, inbred populations by rapidly improving population fitness components. Thus, we show that even the negative effects of inbreeding on behaviour, similar to that of neurodegeneration associated with physiological ageing, can be reversed by genetic rescue.</span></p>
Mating and fitness consequences of variation in male allocation in a wind pollinated plant
<p>In hermaphrodites, the allocation of resources to each sex function can influence fitness through mating success. A prediction that arises from sex allocation theory is that in wind-pollinated plants, male fitness should increase linearly with investment of resources into male function but there have been few empirical tests of this prediction. In a field experiment we experimentally manipulated allocation to male function in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) and measured mating success in contrasting phenotypes using genetic markers. We investigated the effects of morphological traits and flowering phenology on male siring success, and on the diversity of mates. Our results provide evidence for a linear relation between allocation to male function, mating and fitness. We find earlier onset of male flowering time increases reproductive success, whereas later flowering increases the probability of mating with diverse individuals. Our study is among the first empirical studies testing the prediction of linear male fitness returns in wind pollinated plants and emphasize the importance of a large investment into male function by wind pollinated plants and mating consequences of temporal variation in sex allocation. </p>
Dispersal, kin aggregation, and the fitness consequences of not spreading sibling larvae
<p>GENERAL INFORMATION</p> <p>1. Title of Dataset: Dispersal, kin aggregation, and the fitness consequences of not spreading sibling larvae</p> <p>2. Author Information<br> A. Principal Investigator Contact Information<br> Name: Scott Burgess<br> Institution: Florida State University<br> Address: 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL, USA 32306<br> Email: sburgess@bio.fsu.edu</p> <p><br> 3. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2016-2017</p> <p>4. Geographic location of data collection: Turkey Point, Florida, USA</p> <p>5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: National Science Foundation (NSF; OCE-1948788) and the Florida State University Council on Research and Creativity</p> <p> </p> <p>DATA & FILE OVERVIEW</p> <p>1. File List:<br> Figure 2.R<br> Figure 3.R<br> Figure 4.R<br> Figure 5.R<br> Observed sibship.R<br> Clark Evans Corrected function.R</p> <p>Figure 2 data.csv<br> Figure 3 data.csv<br> Figure 4 data.csv<br> Figure 5 data.csv<br> sampleIDfile_msats.csv<br> Sibships.csv</p> <p><br> 2. Relationship between files:<br> Figure 2.R uses Figure 2 data.csv<br> Figure 3.R uses Figure 3 data.csv and Clark Evans Corrected function.R<br> Figure 4.R uses Figure 4 data.csv and Clark Evans Corrected function.R<br> Figure 5.R uses Figure 5 data.csv<br> Observed sibship.R uses sampleIDfile_msats.csv and Sibships.csv</p> <p> </p> <p>3. Metadata</p> <p>Figure 2 data.csv<br> deployment: Sequential number for each deployment date<br> deployment.date: The date on which settlement plates were attached to poles in the field<br> treatment: Control = No colony in the center of the array; Treatment = Seven colonies placed in the center of the array.<br> sheet: Unique identifier for each settlement plate (=sheet)<br> distance.m: Distance, in meters, of the settlement plate to the center of the array<br> settlers: The number of settlers recorded in each settlement plate after retrieval<br> days: The number of days between the deployment and retrieval of settlement plates<br> settlers.day: settlers / days = the number of settlers per day</p> <p> </p> <p><br> Figure 3 data.csv<br> D.Date: Date on which settlement plates were Deployed<br> R.Date: Date on which settlement plates were Retrieved<br> D.Group: Sequential number for each deployment group<br> Plate.ID: Unique identifier for each settlement plate<br> Deployment: 1 = settlement plates deployed for 3 days; 2 = settlement plates placed back into the water after 3 days, and collected again after another 3 days (capturing larvae that settled on between day 4 and 6).<br> Point: Unique identifier for each settler<br> Raw.X: The distance, in millimeters, from the left side of the image<br> Raw.Y: The distance, in millimeters, from the bottom side of the image<br> True.X: The distance, in millimeters, from the left side of the focal settlement area<br> True.Y: The distance, in millimeters, from the bottom side of the focal settlement area</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 4 data.csv<br> Sheet ID: Unique identifier for each settlement plate (=sheet)<br> Relatedness: Sib = each settler came from the same mother (half-sib or full-sib); NonSibs = each settler came from a different (unrelated) mother.<br> Point: Unique identifier for each settler<br> Raw.X: The distance, in millimeters, from the left side of the image<br> Raw.Y: The distance, in millimeters, from the bottom side of the image<br> True.X: The distance, in millimeters, from the left side of the focal settlement area<br> True.Y: The distance, in millimeters, from the bottom side of the focal settlement area</p> <p> </p> <p>Figure 5 data.csv<br> mother.ID: Unique identifier for each maternal colony<br> sib.total: A code representing the concatenation of sib.group.size and total.group.size<br> sib.group.size: The total number of focal siblings in the group<br> total.group.size: The total number of all settlers in the group<br> age.d: Days since settlement<br> Ind: F = focal individual (an offspring from the corresponding mother.id); NF = Non-focal individual (comes from another maternal colony, NOT from the corresponding mother.id)<br> sheet: Unique identifier for each settlement plate (=sheet)<br> survival: 1 = alive; 0 = dead.<br> bifurcations: The number of bifurcations on the colony.</p> <p>sampleIDfile_msats.csv<br> Ind: Individual ID for each colony that also indicates site ("ML_"). ML=Marine Lab.<br> Sample: Individual ID for each colony.<br> Group: A unique code indicating a seagrass blade. I.e., samples from Group 1 were from the seagrass blade #1, and so on.</p> <p>Sibships.csv<br> OffspringID1: Individual ID for each colony that matches 'Sample' in sampleIDfile_msats.csv.<br> OffspringID2: Individual ID for each colony that matches 'Sample' in sampleIDfile_msats.csv.<br> Probability: Probability (estimated from COLONY) that OffspringID1 and OffspringID2 are sibship type listed under SibshipType<br> Run: Run number from COLONY<br> Sibship Type: Whether COLONY estimated OffspringID1 and OffspringID2 to have a Full of Half sib relationship.</p>
Evaluating the fitness consequences of plasticity in tolerance to pesticides
<p>In a rapidly changing world, phenotypic plasticity may be a critical mechanism allowing populations to rapidly acclimate when faced with novel anthropogenic stressors. Theory predicts that if exposure to anthropogenic stress is heterogeneous, plasticity should be maintained as it allows organisms to avoid unnecessary expression of costly traits (i.e. phenotypic costs) when stressors are absent. Conversely, if exposure to stressors becomes constant, costs or limits of plasticity may lead to evolutionary trait canalization (i.e. genetic assimilation). While these concepts are well-established in theory, few studies have examined whether these factors explain patterns of plasticity in natural populations facing anthropogenic stress. Using wild populations of wood frogs that vary in plasticity in tolerance to pesticides, the goal of this study was to evaluate the environmental conditions under which plasticity is expected to be advantageous or detrimental. We found that when pesticides were absent, more plastic populations exhibited lower pesticide tolerance and were more fit than less plastic populations, likely avoiding the cost of expressing high tolerance when it was not necessary. Contrary to our predictions, when pesticides were present, more plastic populations were as fit as less plastic populations, showing no signs of costs or limits of plasticity. Amidst unprecedented global change, understanding the factors shaping the evolution of plasticity will become increasingly important.</p>
Fitness consequences of biochemical adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster populations under simultaneous selection for faster pre-adult development and extended life-span
<p>In holometabolous insect like <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, critical size is an important time point during larval life, for irreversible commitment to metamorphosis. Here, we studied the impact of restricted growth duration in terms of selection for faster pre-adult development in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> populations which resulted in the evolution of reduced critical size on adult life history traits. Selection for faster pre-adult development resulted in biochemical adaptation in larval physiology with no compromise in major biomolecules at critical size time point. The flies from the selected populations seem to not only commit to metamorphosis on the attainment of critical size but also seem to channelize resources to reproduction as indicated by similar life-time fecundity of CS and NS flies from selected populations, while the Control CS flies significantly lower life-time fecundity compared to Control NS flies. The flies from selected populations seem to achieve longevity comparable to control flies despite being significantly smaller in size- thus resource constrained due to faster pre-adult development.</p>
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