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14 results for “form–function relationships”
Global intraspecific trait-climate relationships for grasses are linked to a species' typical form and function
<p>Plant traits are useful for predicting how species may respond to environmental change and/or influence ecosystem properties. Understanding the extent to which traits vary within species and across climatic gradients is particularly important for understanding how species may respond to climate change. We explored whether climate drives spatial patterns of intraspecific trait variation for three traits (specific leaf area (SLA), plant height, and leaf nitrogen content (Nmass)) across 122 grass species (family: Poaceae) with a combined distribution across six continents. We tested the hypothesis that the sensitivity (i.e., slope) of intraspecific trait responses to climate across space would be related to the species' typical form and function (e.g., leaf economics, stature, and lifespan). We observed both positive and negative intraspecific trait responses to climate with the distribution of slope coefficients across species straddling zero for precipitation, temperature, and climate seasonality. As hypothesized, variation in slope coefficients across species was partially explained by leaf economics and lifespan. For example, acquisitive species with nitrogen-rich leaves grew taller and produced leaves with higher SLA in warmer regions compared to species with low N<sub>mass</sub>. Compared to perennials, annual grasses invested in leaves with higher SLA yet decreased height and N<sub>mass</sub> in regions with high precipitation seasonality. Thus, while the influence of climate on trait expression may at first appear idiosyncratic, variation in trait-climate slope coefficients is at least partially explained by the species' typical form and function. Overall, our results suggest that a species' mean location along one axis of trait variation (e.g., leaf economics) could influence how traits along a separate axis of variation (e.g., plant size) respond to spatial variation in climate.</p>
Global intraspecific trait-climate relationships for grasses are linked to a species’ typical form and function
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Data from: Form-function relationships within species are uncoupled from those across species in swimming and jumping performance in arboreal frogs
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Data from: Form–function relationships in a marine foundation species depend on scale: a shoot to global perspective from a distributed ecological experiment
Form-function relationships in plants underlie their ecosystem roles in supporting higher trophic levels through primary production, detrital pathways, and habitat provision. For widespread, phenotypically-variable plants, productivity may differ not only across abiotic conditions, but also from distinct morphological or demographic traits. A single foundation species, eelgrass (Zostera marina), typically dominates north temperate seagrass meadows, which we studied across 14 sites spanning 32-61° N latitude and two ocean basins. Body size varied by nearly two orders of magnitude through this range, and was largest at mid-latitudes and in the Pacific Ocean. At the global scale, neither latitude, site-level environmental conditions, nor body size helped predict productivity (relative growth rate 1-2% d-1 at most sites), suggesting a remarkable capacity of Z. marina to achieve similar productivity in summer. Furthermore, among a suite of stressors applied within sites, only ambient leaf damage reduced productivity; grazer reduction and nutrient addition had no effect on eelgrass size or growth. Scale-dependence was evident in different allometric relationships within and across sites for productivity and for modules (leaf count) relative to size. Z. marina provides a range of ecosystem functions related to both body size (habitat provision, water flow) and growth rates (food, carbon dynamics). Our observed decoupling of body size and maximum production suggests that geographic variation in these ecosystem functions may be independent, with a future need to resolve how local adaptation or plasticity of body size might actually enable more consistent peak productivity across disparate environmental conditions.
Data from: Form function relationships support fast ecological shift in a lizard
<p>Macroevolutionary changes such as variation in habitat use or diet are often associated with convergent, adaptive changes in morphology. However, it is still unclear how small-scale morphological variation at the population level can drive shifts in ecology as observed at a macroevolutionary scale. Here, we address this question by investigating how variation in cranial form and feeding mechanics relate to rapid changes in diet in an insular lizard (<em>Podarcis siculus</em>) after experimental introduction into a new environment. We first quantified differences in the skull and jaw muscle architecture between the source and introduced population using 3D geometric morphometrics and dissections. Next, we tested the impact of the observed variation in morphology on the mechanical performance of the masticatory system using computer-based biomechanical simulation techniques. Our results show that the small differences in shape, combined with variation in muscle architecture, can result in significant differences in performance allowing access to novel trophic resources. The confrontation of these data with the already described macroevolutionary relationships between cranial form and function in these insular lizards provides insights into how selection can, over relatively short time scales, drive major changes in ecology through its impact on mechanical performance.</p>
Data from: Form function relationships support fast ecological shift in a lizard
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Data from: Form–function relationships in a marine foundation species depend on scale: a shoot to global perspective from a distributed ecological experiment
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FIG. 6 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 6. Fitted regression line and data points for Procrustes distances between configurations of the mandibular process region and the stretch factor of the masseter muscle. FP = facultative piscivorous species. P = piscivorous species, I = insectivorous species. The regression equation is presented
FIG. 3 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 3. Ordination plots of the first two canonical axes from two skull modules among dietary groups. A — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from parieto-occipital region (skull module 1) with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The horizontal arrow indicated the direction of change in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape. The vertical arrow indicated the directions of change in insectivores with respect to the consensus shape; B — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from frontal-maxillary region (skull module 2) with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The vertical arrow indicated the direction of change in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape. The horizontal arrow indicated the directions of change in facultative piscivores with respect to the consensus shape. Three diets were compared: insectivorous species (×), and facultative piscivorous species (●) and piscivorous species (é)
FIG. 2 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 2. Image of an articulated skull and mandible used to measure the origin (Ot) and insertion (It) of the temporal muscle, and the origin (Om) and insertion (Im) of the masseter muscle. The angles between origin and insertion distances for temporal (OIt) and masseter muscles (OIm) were drawn
FIG. 4 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 4. Ordination plots of the first two canonical axes from two mandibular modules among dietary groups. A — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from mandibular process area with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The direction of changes in M. vivesi with respect to the consensus shape was indicated for the horizontal arrow. The directions of change in facultative piscivorous and insectivorous species with respect to the consensus shape were indicated for the vertical arrows; B — Ordination plot of the first two canonical axes from the alveolar region with deformation grids derived of each the canonical axis. The directions of change in M. vivesi and facultative piscivores with respect to the consensus shape were indicated for the double-headed arrow. Three dietary groups were compared: insectivorous species (×), facultative piscivorous species (●), and piscivorous species (ì)
FIG. 5 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 5. Stretch factors of the masticatory muscles within genus Myotis. A — Stretch factors for the masseter muscle in each dietary group; B — Stretch factor for the temporal muscle in each dietary group. Data were presented with median, interquartile 25–75%, and minimum–maximum values indicated in box plots. Sample sizes appear below each box plot. Letters indicate differences among groups
FIG. 1 in Cranial shape and diet variation in Myotis species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): testing the relationship between form and function
FIG. 1. Four configurations of points drew to register the shape of two skull and two mandibular characters in 22 Myotis species. A — Parieto-occipital region with 32 points, 1–32, lateral view; B — Frontal-maxillary region with 20 points, 1–20, lateral view; C — Mandible process area with 22 points, 1–18, 33–36, in lateral view. D — Alveolar region with 14 points, 19–32, lateral view
Choice of 3D morphometric method leads to diverging interpretations of form-function relationships in the carnivoran calcaneus
<p>Three dimensional morphometric methods are a powerful tool for comparative analysis of shape. However, morphological shape is often represented using landmarks selected by the user to describe features of perceived importance, and this may lead to over confident prediction of form-function relationships in subsequent analyses. We used Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) of 13 homologous 3D landmarks and spherical harmonics (<em>SPHARM</em>) analysis, a homology-free method that describes the entire shape of a closed surface, to quantify the shape of the calcaneus, a landmark poor structure that is important in hind-limb mechanics, for 111 carnivoran species spanning 12 of 13 terrestrial families. Both approaches document qualitatively similar patterns of shape variation, including a dominant continuum from short/stout to long/narrow calcanea. However, while phylogenetic generalized linear models indicate that locomotor mode best explains shape from the GPA, the same analyses find that shape described by <em>SPHARM </em>is best predicted by foot posture and body mass without a role for locomotor mode, though effect sizes for all are small. User choices regarding morphometric methods can dramatically impact macroevolutionary interpretations of shape change in a single structure, an outcome that is likely exacerbated when readily landmarkable features are few.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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