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Figure 5 in Population dynamics of the gall inducer Eriogallococcus isaias (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) on Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Malvaceae)

Figure 5. Phenological cycle of the galls induced by Eriogallococcus isaias on Pseudobombax grandiflorum from August to December 2008.

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Histometrical data of Eucecidoses minutanus (Cecidosidae) bud galls induced on Schinus engleri (Anacardiaceae)

This sheet contains histometrical data obtained from transverse-sectioned galls induced by Eucecidoses minutanus (Cecidosidae) on Schinus polygamus (Anacardiaceae). Data were obtained from galls with distinct insect instars and then they were indexed according the instar occupying the gall. The measurements (thickness, cell area) were obtained from photomicrographs in the software AxioVision Rel 4.8 (Carl Zeiss Micro Imaging, Jena, Germany). The average thickness of the gall wall and each tissue measured was obtained from 5 distinct transverse sections per sample. The average cell area of epidermis, outer gall parenchyma, and nutritive tissue were obtained from 5 measured cells per tissue per section, considering that 5 sections were obtained from each sample. Therefore, 25 cells were measured to obtain the average cell area per tissue per sample. These data were analyzed and included in an manuscript submitted for publication in American Journal of Botany, DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1798, entitled "Complex meristematic activity induced by Eucecidoses minutanus on Schinus engleri turns shoots into galls". Observations in this sheet: * Average values obtained from 5 distinct sections per sample (refers to gall wall thickness and tissue thickness in µm). ** Average values obtained from 25 distinct cells per sample in each tissue (5 cells per section x 5 sections per sample) (refers to cell area in µm²); *** Thickness of the transverse-sectioned vascular bundles (refers to vascular bundle thickness).

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Fig. 1 in New species diversity revealed from molecular and morphological characterization of gall-inducing Calophya spp. (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) from Brazilian peppertree

Fig. 1. Adult male Calophya from Ubu, Carapina, and Salvador populations (A), adult male Calophya terebinthifolii (B), 5th instar from Ubu (C), Calophya latiforceps from Salvador and Carapina (D) and C. terebinthifolii (E).

Figure 1 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 1 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Lenticular leaf gall on Bignoniaceae sp.1, b) Linear leaf gall on Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae), c) Lenticular leaf gall on Protium brasiliense (Spr.) Engl. (Burseraceae), d-e) Galls on Andira fraxinifolia Benth. (Fabaceae): d) globoid, hairy leaf gall, e) Fusiform leaf vein gall, f) Fruit gall induced by Cecidomyiidae on Ocotea notata (Ness) Mez. (Lauraceae).

Figure 4 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 4 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Fusiform stem gall on Smilax rufescens Griseb (Smilacaceae), b-c) Leaf galls on Lantana fucata Lindl. (Verbenaceae): b) Globoid, c) Cylindrical.

Figure 3 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 3 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Lenticular leaf gall on Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae), b) Flower bud gall on Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. J. E. Silveira (Myrtaceae), c-d) Leaf galls on Myrtaceae sp.1: c) Marginal roll, d) lenticular, e) Globoid, glabrous leaf gall on Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), f) Fruit gall on Coccoloba sp. (Polygonaceae).

Figure 6 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 6 Grouping diagram (UPGMA) for similarity of gall-inducing insects among different Brazilian restingas. AC – Arraial do Cabo, ASP – Acaraí State Park, BAB – Babitonga, BRSP – Bertioga Restinga, State Park, CSSP – Costa do Sol State Park, FCPRNH – Fazenda Caruara Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, GR – Grumari Restinga, JRNP – Jurubatiba Restinga National Park, MEPA – Maricá Environmental Protection Area, MI – Marambaia Island, MR – Marambaia Restinga, PCVSP – Paulo César Vinha State Park, PSSBR – Praia do Sul State Biological Reserve.

Figure 5 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 5 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Leaf galls on Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. Silveira (Myrtaceae) – black arrow: original galls induced by Stephomyia mina Maia, 1993 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), white arrows: galls modified by inquilines, b-c) Bud galls on Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae): b) Original gall induced by Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia, 2010 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), c) Gall modified by inquilines, d-e) Bud galls on Eugenia astringens Cambess. (Myrtaceae): d) Original galls induced byStephomyia rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), e) Galls modified by inquiline, f-g) Bud galls on Myrcia ovata Cambess. (Myrtaceae): f) Original gall induced by Myrciamyia maricaensis Maia, 1995 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), g) Gall modified by inquilines, h-j) Leaf galls on Paullinia weinmanniifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae): h) Original gall induced by Paulliniamyia ampla Maia, 2001 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), i) Gall modified by inquilines.

Figure 2 in Gall-inducing insects from the Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil)

Figure 2 Insect galls from the Maricá Environmental Protected Area (Maricá, RJ): a) Fusiform stem gall on Struthanthus taubatensis Eichler (Loranthaceae), b-c) Flower bud galls on Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae): b) Ovoid, c) Cylindrical, d) Lenticular leaf gall on Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas (Marcgraviaceae), e) Globoid leaf gall on Marcetia taxifolia (A.St.-Hil.) DC. (Melastomataceae), f) Conical bud gall on Myrsine parvifolia (A.DC.) Mez. (Primulaceae).

Fig. 5 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 5. Susceptibility of Jatropha gossypiifolia to Prodiplosis longifila. Morphologically similar galls induced on control Jatropha clavuligera (A) and Jatropha gossypiifolia (B) plants under no-choice conditions in quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa. Galling on a transplanted Jatropha gossypiifolia plant under the natural field conditions in Bolivia (C).

Fig. 4 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between the number of branches per plant and number of shoot tips with Prodiplosis longifila galls (A) and percentage of shoots (± SE) with Prodiplosis longifila galls (B) across 3 sites in Bolivia in Feb 2016. Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

Fig. 3 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 3. Incidence of Prodiplosis longifila galls on Jatropha clavuligera (percentage of plants with galls) in relation to (A) sites and (B) sampling yr and season (± SE). Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

Fig. 1 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 1. Rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila in the growing shoot tip of Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Rosette gall in the terminal and axillary buds of Jatropha clavuligera with swollen petiole and rachis and malformed leaves. (B) Young gall in Jatropha clavuligera showing early stage larvae feeding on the nutritive tissue of the gall with no evidence of cell necrosis and fungal growth.

Fig. 2 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 2. Morphological and histological changes in the rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila on Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Vertical sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the inflamed axillary position (*) (bar = 1 mm). (B) Cross sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the hyperplasied stems and leaves (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; le = leaf. (C) Cross sectional view of a galled leaf showing the intense hyperplasied upper mesophyll (bar = 0.18 mm); arrows point to the hypertrophied epidermis. (D) Cross sectional view of a leaf axil (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; note the vertically dividing epidermal cells towards the bottom, whereas the laterally occurring epidermal cells are hypertrophied. (E) Cross sectional view of the stem showing variously dividing cortical cells (bar = 30 μm); the arrow indicates cell proliferation. (F) Compactly arranged parenchymatous nutritive cells, each with a prominent nucleus (n) and dense cytoplasm (cyt) (bar = 10 μm). (G) Low magnification image of galled stem showing layers of nutritive cells (nc), where the larvae feed (lfs) (bar = 30 μm). In fact, the cells lying opposite, which appear to be empty, show signs of regeneration (rc). In the far interior of the stem cortex, numerous phenol-included cells (pic) occur. Far interior into the stem cortex numerous phenol including cells (pic) occur. (H) An enlarged view of a phenol-including cell (bar = 18 μm).

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Figs 1, 2 in Phenotypic matching in ovipositor size in the parasitoid Galeopsomyia sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) attacking different gall inducers

Figs 1, 2. Phenotic matching between the parasitoid Galeopsomyia sp. (Eulophidae) and its galling hosts, five species of Bruggmania (Cecidomyiidae, B. elongata, B. robusta, B. acaudata, and Bruggmania sp. 1 and sp. 2) in Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae): Fig. 1, gall thickness (dimension between the outer wall of the gall and the larval chamber); Fig. 2, female ovipositor length of parasitoid in the different hosts.

Figs 81-89 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 81-89. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 81-82, Rudgea parquioides; 83, Xylosma pseudosalzmanii; 84-85, Allophylus edulis; 86, Serjania sp.; 87, Smilax sp.; 88, Cestrum strigillatum; 89, Cissus striata. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 21-40 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 21-40. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 21, Cordia ecalyculata; 22, Cordia americana; 23-24, Celtis iguanaea; 25, Trema micrantha; 26-27, Citronella gongonha: 28-31, Dioscorea scabra; 32, Sloanea monosperma; 33, Sebastiania sp.; 34, Bauhinia forficata; 35-39, Inga marginata; 40, Machaerium paraguariense. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 61-80 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 61-80. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 61-64, Guapira opposita; 65, Seguieria aculeata; 66-73, Piper aduncum; 74-76, Piper mikanianum; 77-78, Myrsine coriacea; 79-80, Psychotria carthagenensis. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 1-20 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 1-20. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 1, Justicia brasiliana; 2-6, Calea serrata; 7, Dasyphyllum spinescens; 8-13, Mikania glomerata; 14-17, Mikania micrantha; 18, Moquiniastrum polymorphum; 19, Trixis praestans; 20, Dolichandra unguis-cati. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 41-60 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 41-60. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 41, Ocotea puberula; 42-45, Nectandra megapotamica; 46-48, Luehea divaricata; 49-50, Leandra regnellii; 51, Trichilia claussenii; 52, Mollinedia elegans; 53, Mollinedia schottiana; 54, Sorocea bonplandii; 55, Campomanesia xanthocarpa; 56-57, Eugenia uniflora; 58-59, Myrcianthes pungens; 60, Psidium cattleyanum. Scale bar: 1 cm.