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25 results for “hunter-gatherers”
Data supporting publication: Ultra-deep Sequencing of Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Recovers Vanishing Gut Microbes
<p>Genomes, mapping databases, and data supporting the publication "Ultra-deep Sequencing of Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Recovers Vanishing Gut Microbes".</p> <p><strong>Please see the README on GitHub for descriptions of files and tutorials on how to use them: <a href="https://github.com/MrOlm/ZenodoREADME/blob/main/README.md">https://github.com/MrOlm/ZenodoREADME/blob/main/README.md</a></strong></p>
The transmission of pottery technology amongst prehistoric European hunter-gatherers: code and data
<p>Included in this paper are the data files which enable the main analytical findings of the paper to be reproduced. Some aspects of the spatial-temporal modelling will heavily depend on the user’s configuration and the digital elevation model available, so intermediate data that support the main conclusions of the paper have been included in the data repository. </p>
Hunter-gatherer child and adolescent height and tricep skinfold measures
<p>Despite agreement that humans have evolved to be unusually fat primates, adipose patterning among hunter-gatherers has received little empirical consideration. Here we consider the development of adiposity among four contemporary groups of hunter-gatherers, the Aka, Savanna Pumé, Ju'/Hoansi and Agta using multi-level generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMM) to characterize growth of tricep skinfolds from early childhood through adolescence. In contrast to references, hunter-gatherers show several consistent patterns: 1) children are lean with little fat accumulation; 2) no adiposity rebound at 5 years is evident; 3) girls on average build 90% of their body size, and reach menarche when adiposity is at its maximum velocity; 4) a metabolic tradeoff is evident in young, but not older children, such that both boys and girls prioritize skeletal growth during middle childhood, a tradeoff that diminishes during adolescence when height velocity increases in pace with fat accumulation. Consistent results across hunter-gatherers living in diverse environments suggests that these patterns reflect a general forager pattern of development. The findings provide a valuable baseline for adipose development not apparent from reference populations. We emphasize both generalized trends among hunter-gatherers, and that inter-populational differences point to the plasticity with which humans organize growth and development.</p>
R replication code and data for: Do modern hunter-gatherers live in marginal habitats?
<p>Data and R replication code for testing the Marginal Habitat Hypothesis. The R code files contain all models and are organized by the figures they generate for the associated paper.</p> <p>The data are sourced from:</p> <p>1) the Standard Cross Cultural Sample (SCCS).</p> <p>2) NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP data (MOD17A3 algorithm) from Numerical Terra Dynamic Simulation Group at the University of Montana.</p> <p>3) Marine Ecoregions Of the World (MEOW): <a href="http://maps.tnc.org/files/metadata/MEOW.xml">http://maps.tnc.org/files/metadata/MEOW.xml</a></p> <p>4) Terrestrial Ecoregions Of the World (TEOW): <a href="http://maps.tnc.org/files/metadata/TerrEcos.xml">http://maps.tnc.org/files/metadata/TerrEcos.xml</a></p>
Replication code and data for "Comparing measured dietary variation within and between tropical hunter-gatherer groups to the Paleo Diet".
<p>Replication code and data for the publication "Comparing measured dietary variation within and between tropical hunter-gatherer groups to the Paleo Diet" appearing in the American Journal of Clinical Nutritian. Files include:</p> <p>1) R replication code (5 files that should be run sequentially in numerical order).</p> <p>2) "raw_diet_data.csv": 1 file that is ingested by the R code and used for the main analyses.</p> <p>3) "lipid_classes.csv" and "nutriants_by_source_raw.csv": 2 files that are ingested by the R code and used for the supplementary analyses.</p> <p>4) "wc2.1_30s_bio_1.tif": 1 file of GeoTiff data on annual mean temperature from the WorldClim v. 2.1 dataset (http://www.worldclim.com/version2) that is ingested by the R code.</p> <p>5) "table_1.csv": a cleaned version of the data used in analyses that is output by the R code.</p> <p>6) "table_hg_diet_data.csv" and "table_seasonal_diet_data.csv": 2 files containing seasonal and HG diet data that were not used in analyses, which are output by the R code.</p>
Ancient genomes from eastern Kazakhstan reveal dynamic genetic legacy of Inner Eurasian hunter-gatherers
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Hunter-gatherer child and adolescent height and tricep skinfold measures
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Data used in: Social status does not predict in-camp integration among egalitarian hunter-gatherer men
<p>In the last few decades, there has been much research regarding the importance of social prestige in shaping the social structure of small-scale societies. While recent studies show that social prestige may have important health consequences, little is known about the extent to which prestige translates into actual in-person interactions and proximity, even though the level of integration into such real-life social networks has been shown to have important health consequences. Here, we determine the extent to which two different domains of social prestige, popularity (being perceived as a friend by others) and hunting reputation (being perceived as a good hunter), translate into GPS-derived in- and out-of-camp proximity networks in a group of egalitarian hunter-gatherer men, the Hadza. We show that popularity and hunting reputation differ in the extent to which they are translated into time spent physically close to each other. Moreover, our findings suggest that in-camp proximity networks, which are commonly applied in studies of small-scale societies, do not show the full picture of Hadza men's social preferences. While men are in camp, neither popularity nor hunting reputation is associated with being central in the proximity network; however, when out of camp, Hadza men who are popular are more integrated in the proximity networks while men with better hunting reputations are less integrated. Overall, our findings suggest that, in order to fully understand social preferences among hunter-gatherers, both in-camp and out-of-camp proximity networks should be considered. </p>
Supporting data and script for "Productivity, biodiversity, and pathogens influence the global hunter-gatherer population density" (Tallavaara et al.)
<p>This submission contains data and R-script that enable to reproduce the data manipulations and analyses in the paper “Productivity, biodiversity, and pathogens influence the global hunter-gatherer population density” by Miikka Tallavaara, Jussi T. Eronen, and Miska Luoto (PNAS 2018 115 (6) 1232-1237, doi/10.1073/pnas.1715638115). Please, cite the above paper, if you use the files included in this Zenodo record in your work.</p> <p>Included in the submission are R-script as a pdf-file (Tallavaara_Data_analyses.pdf), global net primary productivity data (Tallavaara_Dataset_1.tif), global biodiversity data (Tallavaara_Dataset_2.tif), and global pathogen stress data (Tallavaara_Dataset_3.tif) as GeoTIFF-files. In addition, submission contain global hunter-gatherer data (Tallavaara_Dataset_4.xls) as xls-file. If these datasets are saved in the working directory they can be read in to the R using the included R-script (Tallavaara_Data_analyses).</p>
Agta hunter-gatherer oral microbiomes are shaped by contact network structure
<p>Here we investigate the effects of extensive sociality and mobility on the oral microbiome of 138 Agta hunter-gatherers from the Philippines. Our comparisons of microbiome composition showed that the Agta are more similar to Central African Bayaka hunter-gatherers than to neighbouring farmers. We also defined the Agta social microbiome as a set of 137 oral bacteria (only 7% of 1980 amplicon sequence variants) significantly influenced by social contact (quantified through wireless sensors of short-range interactions). We show that large interaction networks including strong links between close kin, spouses, and even unrelated friends, can significantly predict bacterial transmission networks across Agta camps. Finally, we show that more central individuals to social networks are also bacterial supersharers. We conclude that hunter-gatherer social microbiomes are predominantly pathogenic and were shaped by evolutionary tradeoffs between extensive sociality and disease spread.<strong> </strong></p>
Data used in: Social status does not predict in-camp integration among egalitarian hunter-gatherer men
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Supporting R-code and data for "Why are population growth rate estimates of past and present hunter-gatherers so different?" (Tallavaara and Jørgensen, 2020)
<p>This submission contains data and R-code that enable to reproduce the data manipulations and analyses in the paper “Why are population growth rate estimates of past and present hunter-gatherers so different?” by Miikka Tallavaara and Erlend Kirkeng Jørgensen (Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B). Please, cite the paper and this Zenodo repository if you use the files included in this Zenodo record in your work.</p> <p>The submission includes a html-file titled “Why are population growth rate estimates of past and present hunter-gatherers so different? - Data analyses” (TJ2020.html) that contains R-code and instructions and comments for running the code (open this file in your browser). In addition, the submission includes Rdata-file (dataTJ2020.Rdata) containing all the data that are not created within the code and pure R-code (TJ2020.R).</p>
Data from: Adaptive, convergent origins of the pygmy phenotype in African rainforest hunter-gatherers
The evolutionary history of the human pygmy phenotype (small body size), a characteristic of African and Southeast Asian rainforest hunter-gatherers, is largely unknown. Here we use a genome-wide admixture mapping analysis to identify 16 genomic regions that are significantly associated with the pygmy phenotype in the Batwa, a rainforest hunter-gatherer population from Uganda (east central Africa). The identified genomic regions have multiple attributes that provide supporting evidence of genuine association with the pygmy phenotype, including enrichments for SNPs previously associated with stature variation in Europeans and for genes with growth hormone receptor and regulation functions. To test adaptive evolutionary hypotheses, we computed the haplotype-based integrated haplotype score (iHS) statistic and the level of population differentiation (FST) between the Batwa and their agricultural neighbors, the Bakiga, for each genomic SNP. Both |iHS| and FST values were significantly higher for SNPs within the Batwa pygmy phenotype-associated regions than the remainder of the genome, a signature of polygenic adaptation. In contrast, when we expanded our analysis to include Baka rainforest hunter-gatherers from Cameroon and Gabon (west central Africa) and Nzebi and Nzime neighboring agriculturalists, we did not observe elevated |iHS| or FST values in these genomic regions. Together, these results suggest adaptive and at least partially convergent origins of the pygmy phenotype even within Africa, supporting the hypothesis that small body size confers a selective advantage for tropical rainforest hunter-gatherers but raising questions about the antiquity of this behavior.
Data from: Oral microbiomes from hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers reveal shifts in commensal balance and pathogen load linked to diet
Maladaptation to modern diets has been implicated in several chronic disorders. Given the higher prevalence of disease such as dental caries and chronic gum diseases in industrialized societies, we sought to investigate the impact of different subsistence strategies on oral health and physiology, as documented by the oral microbiome. To control for confounding variables such as environment and host genetics, we sampled saliva from three pairs of populations of hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers living in close proximity in the Philippines. Deep shotgun sequencing of salivary DNA generated high-coverage microbiomes along with human genomes. Comparing these microbiomes with publicly available data from individuals living on a Western diet revealed that abundance ratios of core species were significantly correlated with subsistence strategy, with hunter-gatherers and Westerners occupying either end of a gradient of Neisseria against Haemophilus, and traditional farmers falling in between. Species found preferentially in hunter-gatherers included microbes often considered as oral pathogens, despite their hosts' apparent good oral health. Discriminant analysis of gene functions revealed vitamin B5 autotrophy and urease-mediated pH regulation as candidate adaptations of the microbiome to the hunter-gatherer and Western diets, respectively. These results suggest that major transitions in diet selected for different communities of commensals and likely played a role in the emergence of modern oral pathogens.
Data from: Reproductive trade-offs in extant hunter-gatherers suggest adaptive mechanism for the Neolithic expansion
The Neolithic demographic transition remains a paradox, because it is associated with both higher rates of population growth and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Here we reconcile the conflicting evidence by proposing that the spread of agriculture involved a life history quality–quantity trade-off whereby mothers traded offspring survival for increased fertility, achieving greater reproductive success despite deteriorating health. We test this hypothesis by investigating fertility, mortality, health, and overall reproductive success in Agta hunter-gatherers whose camps exhibit variable levels of sedentarization, mobility, and involvement in agricultural activities. We conducted blood composition tests in 345 Agta and found that viral and helminthic infections as well as child mortality rates were significantly increased with sedentarization. Nonetheless, both age-controlled fertility and overall reproductive success were positively affected by sedentarization and participation in cultivation. Thus, we provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, of an adaptive mechanism in foragers that reconciles the decline in health and child survival with the observed demographic expansion during the Neolithic.
Additional simulations for "Demographic interactions of the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers"
<p>These are the complete results for the article "Demographic interactions of the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers". Due to space constrains, they have been uploaded here, and not at the main github repo (https://github.com/acortell3/Demographic_interactions). Nevertheless, these are the discarded results, and are not necessary to reproduce the paper.</p>
Supplementary material: Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water
<p>This audiovisual material brings to life the soundscape of prehistoric rock art sites in Finland, mainly from around 5,000 years ago. The painted cliffs rising directly from the lakes respond to human-made sounds with echoes. Rock art sites with images of animals, humans, boats, and even drummers are believed to have been ritual sites for prehistoric hunter-fisher-gatherers. </p> <p>The digital recreations were made in collaboration between musicologists, cognitive scientists, archaeologists and artists, using in situ impulse response recordings, dry studio recordings, terrestrial and aerial laser scans, spherical photography and convolution reverb and virtual reality techniques. The work was part of the Academy of Finland funded project ”Acoustics and auditory culture at hunter-gatherer rock art sites in Northern Europe, Siberia and North America” (2018–2023) at the University of Helsinki.</p> <p>Sound design: Perttu Kesäniemi, Paavo Rinkkala, Mikko Ojanen, Jaska Uimonen<br>Video design: Paavo Rinkkala <br>Vocal improvisation & wooden percussion plaque: Taina Saarikivi<br>Vocal improvisation: Emmi Kujanpää<br>Drumming: Mikko Heikinpoika <br>Linguistic reconstruction: Janne Saarikivi<br>Impulse response recording: Riitta Rainio, Julia Shpinitskaya, Lauri Tanskanen, Kai Lassfolk<br>Ambient sound recording: Riitta Rainio, YleArkisto<br>Photography: Julia Shpinitskaya, Riitta Rainio, Kai Lassfolk<br>Studio recording: Perttu Kesäniemi, Petteri Falck, Vilja Haapala, Heta Eronen, Tuulikki Toppari, Mikko Ojanen, Paavo Rinkkala, Riitta Rainio<br>Studio: University of Helsinki Music Research Laboratory & Electronic Music Studio<br>Studio software: Logic Pro X Space Designer<br>Virtual reality reconstruction: Paavo Rinkkala, Jami Pekkanen <br>Rendering software: Unreal Engine 5.1 <br>LiDAR scanning: Jari Okkonen <br>Drum & drumstick model: Paavo Rinkkala<br>Mesolithic canoe model: Carolien Bijvoet <br>Night sky: NASA Deep Star Maps 2020 <br>Foliage: Nature Package by SilverTm <br>Rock painting details: Ismo Luukkonen 2021</p> <p>Supplementary material to the article: <br>Rainio, R., Shpinitskaya, J., Rinkkala, P., Pekkanen, J., Kesäniemi, P. & Ojanen, M. 2024. Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water. <em>Sound Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293</a></p> <p>The material is also available for streaming/embedding via: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv5RHkY9FT3J-abz-NxFPPkSttVtAD_cC" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv5RHkY9FT3J-abz-NxFPPkSttVtAD_cC</a></p> <h2>Sound sample 1: Fisherman’s spell</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what talking or incanting would have sounded like at the Keltavuori rock art site in Lappeenranta, about 2,500 years ago. The fisherman recites an incantation in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings. The lyrics in early Proto-Sámi are based on linguistic and cultural reconstruction, but are fully fictional. According to linguists, early Proto-Sámi could hypothetically have been spoken in Southeastern Finland around 500 BC, when the rock art sites were still being visited. However, the people who originally made the images of animals, humans and boats, probably spoke a completely different language.</p> <h2>Sound sample 2: Hammer vibrato at Vaskivuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Vaskivuori rock art site in Luumäki. The singer produces sounds with hammer vibrato technique in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 3: Nasal sounds at Haukkasaari</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Haukkasaari rock art site in Lemi. The singer produces nasal sounds in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 29 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 4: Cattle call at Olhavanvuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Olhavanvuori rock art site in Kouvola, Finland. The singer performs a traditional Scandinavian-style cattle call in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 29 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 5: Viena Karelian <em>Yoik</em> at Kalamaniemi</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what chanting would have sounded like at the Kalamaniemi rock art site in Luumäki. The chanter performs a traditional Viena Karelian style <em>yoik</em> in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 6: Throat vibrato at Keltavuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Keltavuori rock art site in Lappeenranta. The singer produces sounds with throat vibrato technique in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 24 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video1 : Drumming in the Evening</h2> <p>This video recreates a drumming performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. The performer beats the drum in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 26 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video 2: Echoes at Siliävuori in Three Stages</h2> <p>This video recreates a chanting performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. At first, the chant is heard as recorded in the studio, without the acoustics of the place. Next, the painted rock cliff rising directly from the lake responds to the song with an echo. Eventually, the echoes from the whole environment are heard joining in.</p> <h2>Video 3: Singing in the Evening</h2> <p>This video brings to life a chanting performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. The chanter performs a traditional Viena Karelian style <em>yoik</em> in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 26 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video 4: Rock painting scenery at Siliävuori</h2> <p>This video takes a short tour of the digital recreation of the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia
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Data from: Reproductive trade-offs in extant hunter-gatherers suggest adaptive mechanism for the Neolithic expansion
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Adaptive, convergent origins of the pygmy phenotype in African rainforest hunter-gatherers
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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