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Long-term adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Fall Monitoring Program
This data set includes long-term observation of the abundance of periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) at sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystem (GCE) LTER study area. Visual counts of adult Littoraria were conducted within 0.5m x 0.5m quadrats in-line with permanent GCE vegetation plots. Juvenile Littoraria (1-4mm shell length) were found and counted by looking inside all leaf furls within a nested quadrat (0.25m x 0.25m). In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats. This method was started in 2012 as a new part of the annual GCE monitoring and supplements the invertebrate data that has been collected since October 2000. This data set includes observations from 2012 to 2023 and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2021.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2021. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2022.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2022. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2023.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2023. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2013.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2013. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats. Data was collected at all GCE domain sites as well as one additional Zizaniopsis site (label SCZ2).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2014.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2014. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2015.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2015. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2016.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2016. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in replicate quadrats (8 in creekbank and 12 in mid-marsh zones).
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2017.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2017. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2018.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2018. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2019.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2019. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Survey of adult and juvenile periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) density in mid-marsh and creekbank plots at GCE LTER study sites in October 2020.
To characterize spatial variation in the adult and juvenile density of periwinkle snails, Littoraria irrorata, within two zones in the salt marsh, the mid-marsh and creekbank, and across a gradient in salinity and distance to ocean, we surveyed snail density in October 2020. In each marsh zone at each GCE LTER permanent monitoring site, we counted the number of adult and juvenile snails in 8 creekbank and 12 mid-marsh replicate quadrats.
Effects of marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) size and density on cordgrass (Spartina aterniflora) biomass and dead standing material
Marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata) are common in southeastern US salt marshes, including those on Sapelo Island, GA. They are known to affect the productivity of cordgrss (Spartina alterniflora) and also contribute to its decomposition following senescence. The population struture of Littoraria, in terms of the size and densities of individuals, varies widely in space and time. No previous experiments have, however, attempted to manipulate the density and body size of populations of Littoraria and assessd the response of Spartina. We perforned such an experiment in Airport Marsh on Sapelo Island, using small experimental enclosures and measured Spartina biomass and dead standing material after 3 months (mid July - mid Oct, 2012). We assessed response variables by removing all Spartina material from plots before seperating and drying them in the lab.
Rates of consumption of marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata) by mud crabs (Eurytium limosum and Panopeus obesus) between August and December in a Georgia salt marsh
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes.The relative importance of the two species in the trophic control of marsh periwinkles (snails; Littoraria irrorata) is likley to change across seasons. We therefore manipulated the these predator species (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) in experimental cages in the field (at Dean Creek, Sapelo Island, GA) and assessed monthly predation rates over four months, between 15th August to 15th December. We included 3 treatments, consisting of two treatments containing each species alone, and one containing both species together; all treatments had the same density. Specifically, 1) 4 x Panopeus individuals; 2) 4 x Eurytium individuals; 3) 2 x Panopeus individuals + 2 Eurytium individuals. Only adult crabs (33-40mm carapace diameter) were used. We maintained the treatments over 4 months (15th Aug - 15th Dec 2009), replacing any missing crabs every two weeks and counting the number of snails killed by predators each month.
Periwinkle snail association with cordgrass on the York River
This dataset includes tables used in a study of periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) association with big cordgrass (Spartina cynosuroides) and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in a salt marsh along the York River. The overarching goal of this study was to assess if and how plant palatability, predation pressure, and environmental characteristics of each Spartina species influenced the densities and grazing of periwinkle snails. The data were collected in support of a study authored by Failon, Wittyngham, and Johnson in 2020 titled Ecological Associations of Littoraria irrorata with Spartina cynosuroides and Spartina alterniflora. It was published in the journal Wetlands. Data Table 1: Benthic Chlorophyll Data Table 2: Carbon and Nitrogen Data Table 3: Grazing Scars Data Table 4: Light and Temperature Data Table 5: Penetrometer Data Table 6: Plant Heights Data Table 7: Plant Stem Densities and Invertebrate Survey Data Table 8: Predation Assays Data Table 9: Snail Measurements Data Table 10: Total Phenolic Concentrations Data Table 11: Total Soluble Protein Object for Data Table 8: Failon_Predation_field_notes.pdf
Fig. 1 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 1. Overview of the MIA biosynthetic pathway highlighting the preferential distribution of MIAs within Catharanthus roseus.
Fig. 2 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 2. Model for the alkaloid plant cell factories in Catharanthus roseus leaves. The biosynthesis of MIAs sequentially involves internal phloem associated parenchyma (IPAP) cells, pavimentous epidermal cells (upper and lower) and specialized cells (laticifers and idioblasts). The biosynthetic pathway leading to vindoline is shown in the margins of the leaf diagram. Known single enzymatic steps in each cell type are indicated by grey arrows and abbreviation of enzyme names. Broken grey arrows indicate unknown enzymatic steps. No specific cellular localization for NMT has been determined. A DNA helix is shown besides proteins encoded by genes characterized by exploiting C. roseus transcriptomic resources. In the leaf diagram, dashed arrows indicate conversion of pyruvate (A) and GAP (B) to loganic acid (C) in IPAP cells; conversion of loganic acid (C) to 16-methoxy-tabersonine (D) in epidermis (for simplification, only the conversion in the upper epidermis is shown) and conversion of desacetoxyvindoline (E) to vindoline (F) in laticifers and idioblasts. The blue arrows indicate intercellular metabolite translocation for loganic acid (C) and secretion to the leaf surface for catharantine. Broken blue arrows indicate that the translocated metabolite is uncharacterized/unknown. DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase; DXR, DXP reductoisomerase; CMS, 4- (cytidine 50-diphospho)-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (CM) synthase; CMK, CM kinase; MECS, 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEC) synthase; HDS, hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate (HD) synthase; HDR, HD reductase; IDI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GPPS, geranyl diphosphate synthase; GES, geraniol synthase; G10H (CYP76B6), geraniol 10-hydroxylase; CPR, cytochrome P450-reductase; 10HGO, 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase; IS, iridoid synthase; 7DLGT, 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase; 7DLH, 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase; LAMT, loganic acid O-methyltransferase; SLS (CYP72A1), secologanin synthase; TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase; STR, strictosidine synthase; SGD, strictosidine b-glucosidase; T16H2 (CYP71D351), tabersonine 16-hydroxylase 2; 16OMT, 16-hydroxytabersonine O-methyltransferase; TPT2, catharanthine transporter from pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family of ABC transporters; D4H, desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; DAT, deacetylvindoline 4-Oacetyltransferase. DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 4. Virus-induced gene silencing monitored in C. roseus by targeting phytoene desaturase (PDS). (A) Control plant. (B) Photobleaching phenoptype of upper leaves as a marker of PDS silenced tissues in plant co-infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 containing pTRV1 and pTRV2-PDS (T-DNA vectors carrying, respectively RNA1 and RNA2 TRV genome) (S. Besseau and V. Courdavault, personal data). Seedlings were grown at 28 °C and transferred at 21 °C after transformation to improve VIGS efficiency as suggested by Sung et al. (2014).
Fig. 3 in Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine
Fig. 3. The use of high-throughput transcriptomic data for discovery of MIA biosynthetic genes. Two non-exclusive strategies may be used: orthology comparison with other species (left panel) and clustering of gene expression (right panel). The former approach requires transcriptomic data from candidate species with specific alkaloid metabolisms (e.g. secologanin (11)-producing (purple inset) and non secologanin (11)-producing (blue inset) species). Such data are available from the MPGR and PhytoMetaSyn projects. A first orthology comparison using the OrthoMCL algorithm (Li et al., 2003) could help identify conserved genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of common precursors in MIA-producing species (Camptotheca acuminata, Rauwolfia serpentina, C. roseus) but also specific enzymatic activities dedicated to the synthesis of particular alkaloids, such as the C. roseus specific genes. A second orthology analysis can be further performed on the set of conserved genes found in the MIAproducing species to isolate candidates from the secoiridoid pathway by comparing with transcriptomic data from non secologanin (11)-producing enzymes. The second strategy relies on transcriptome analyses from diverse experimental conditions to construct a reference transcriptome which will be used to estimate the abundance of each transcript in each condition in order to cluster genes according to their expression levels. The more experimental conditions are available, the more the clustering analysis will be efficient to group co-regulated genes. Note that this reference transcriptome could also serve to the orthology analysis depicted in the left panel, and also to verify expression levels of candidate genes resulting from this kind of approach. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Data from: Can AFLP genome scans detect small islands of differentiation? The case of shell sculpture variation in the periwinkle Echinolittorina hawaiiensis
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