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32 results for “potential pollinators”
Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
<p>In ecological speciation, incipient species diverge due to natural selection that is ecologically based. In flowering plants, different pollinators could mediate that selection (pollinator-mediated divergent selection) or other features of the environment that differ between habitats of two species could do so (environment-mediated divergent selection). Although these mechanisms are well understood, they have received little rigorous testing, as few studies of divergent selection across sites of closely related species include both floral traits that influence pollination and vegetative traits that influence survival. This study employed common gardens in sites of the two parental species and a hybrid site, each containing advanced generation hybrids along with the parental species, to test these forms of ecological speciation in plants of the genus <em>Ipomopsis</em>. Three vegetative traits (specific leaf area, leaf trichomes, and photosynthetic water-use efficiency) and five floral traits (corolla length and width, anther insertion, petal color, nectar production) were analyzed for impacts on fitness components (survival to flowering and seeds per flower, respectively). These traits exhibited strong clines across the elevational gradient in the hybrid zone, with narrower clines in theory reflecting stronger selection or higher genetic variance. Plants with long corollas and inserted anthers had higher seeds per flower at the <em>I. tenuituba </em>site, whereas selection favored the reverse condition at the <em>I. aggregata</em> site, a signature of divergent selection. In contrast, no divergent selection due to variation in survival was detected on any vegetative trait. Selection within the hybrid zone most closely resembled selection within the <em>I. aggregata</em> site. Across traits, the strength of divergent selection was not significantly correlated with width of the cline, which was better predicted by evolvability (standardized genetic variance). These results support the role of pollinator-mediated divergent selection in ecological speciation and illustrate the importance of genetic variance in determining divergence across hybrid zones.</p>
Figure 1. A in Forcipomyia hardyi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a Potential Pollinator of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Flowers in Hawaii
Figure 1. A. Flypaper pinned underneath of cacao flower and buds. B. Ethanol-preserved female F. hardyi identified by Frank Howarth. C. Flypaper trap containing two ants and one midge; arrowhead indicates pollen. D. Cacao flower showing presence of ants and aphids. E. Dorsal view of live F. hardyi. F. Lateral view of live F. hardyi; arrowhead indicates pollen; scale bar = 0.5 mm. G. Freshly opened cacao flower showing style surrounded by staminodes; scale bar = 1 mm. H. Pollinated cacao flower showing outwardly-recurved staminodes; arrowhead indicates pollen.
Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
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Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species
<p>Botanists have long identified bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers with more specialized pollination interactions than radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers. Zygomorphic flowers facilitate more precise contact with pollinators, guide pollinator behaviour and exclude less effective pollinators. However, whether zygomorphic flowers are actually visited by a smaller subset of available pollinator species has not been broadly evaluated. We compiled 53 609 floral visitation records in 159 communities and classified the plants' floral symmetry. Globally and within individual communities, plants with zygomorphic flowers are indeed visited by fewer species. At the same time, zygomorphic flowers share a somewhat larger proportion of their visitor species with other co-occurring plants and have particularly high sharing with co-occurring plants that also have zygomorphic flowers. Visitation sub-networks for zygomorphic species also show differences that may arise from reduced visitor diversity, including greater connectance, greater web asymmetry and lower coextinction robustness of both plants and visitor species—but these changes do not necessarily translate to whole plant-visitor communities. These results provide context for widely documented associations between zygomorphy and diversification and imply that species with zygomorphic flowers may face a greater risk of extinction due to pollinator loss.</p>
Zygomorphic flowers have fewer potential pollinator species
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Data from: A critical analysis of the potential for EU Common Agricultural Policy measures to support wild pollinators on farmland
<p>1. Agricultural intensification and associated loss of high-quality habitats are key drivers of insect pollinator declines. With the aim of decreasing the environmental impact of agriculture, the 2014 EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defined a set of habitat and landscape features (Ecological Focus Areas: EFAs) farmers could select from as a requirement to receive basic farm payments. To inform the post-2020 CAP, we performed a European-scale evaluation to determine how different EFA options vary in their potential to support insect pollinators under standard and pollinator-friendly management, as well as the extent of farmer uptake.</p> <p> 2. A structured Delphi elicitation process engaged 22 experts from 18 European countries to evaluate EFAs options. By considering life cycle requirements of key pollinating <i>taxa</i> (i.e. bumble bees, solitary bees and hoverflies), each option was evaluated for its potential to provide forage, bee nesting sites and hoverfly larval resources.</p> <p>3. EFA options varied substantially in the resources they were perceived to provide and their effectiveness varied geographically and temporally. For example, field margins provide relatively good forage throughout the season in Southern and Eastern Europe but lacked early-season forage in Northern and Western Europe. Under standard management, no single EFA option achieved high scores across resource categories and a scarcity of late season forage was perceived.</p> <p>4. Experts identified substantial opportunities to improve habitat quality by adopting pollinator-friendly management. Improving management alone was, however, unlikely to ensure that all pollinator resource requirements were met. Our analyses suggest that a combination of poor management, differences in the inherent pollinator habitat quality and uptake bias towards catch crops and nitrogen-fixing crops severely limit the potential of EFAs to support pollinators in European agricultural landscapes.</p> <p>5. <i>Policy Implications.</i> To conserve pollinators and help protect pollination services, our study highlights the need to create a variety of interconnected, well-managed habitats that complement each other in the resources they offer<i>. </i>To achieve this the CAP post-2020 should take a holistic view to implementation that integrates the different delivery vehicles aimed at protecting biodiversity (e.g. enhanced conditionality, eco-schemes and Agri-Environment and Climate Measures). To improve habitat quality we recommend an effective monitoring framework with target-orientated indicators and to facilitate the spatial targeting of options collaboration between land managers should be incentivised.</p>
Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
The yield of animal-pollinated crops is threatened by bee declines, but its precise sensitivity is poorly known. We therefore determined the yield dependence of Hokkaido pumpkin in Germany on insect pollination by quantifying: (i) the relationship between pollen receipt and fruit set and (ii) the cumulative pollen deposition of each pollinator group. We found that approximately 2500 pollen grains per flower were needed to maximize fruit set. At the measured rates of flower visitation, we estimated that bumblebees (21 visits/flower lifetime, 864 grains/visit) or honeybees (123 visits, 260 grains) could individually achieve maximum crop yield, whereas halictid bees are ineffective (11 visits, 16 grains). The pollinator fauna was capable of delivering 20 times the necessary amount of pollen. We therefore estimate that pumpkin yield was not pollination-limited in our study region and that it is currently fairly resilient to single declines of honeybees or wild bumblebees.
FIGURE 5 in Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)
FIGURE 5. (Left) The percentage of individuals within the families of the order Diptera collected in 2014 and 2015 combined. (Right) The percentage of individuals within the genera of the family Syrphidae collected in 2014 and 2015 combined.
FIGURE 3 in Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)
FIGURE 3. The percentage of individuals within the genera of the Apidae family collected in 2014 and 2015.
FIGURE 4 in Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)
FIGURE 4. The percentage of individuals within the genera of the Halictidae family collected in 2014 and 2015.
FIGURE 2 in Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)
FIGURE 2. The percentage of individuals within each taxonomic order collected in 2014 and 2015 combined.
FIGURE 1 in Melittofauna and Other Potential Pollinators in Wetland and Uplands in South Central Nebraska (Insecta: Apoidea)
FIGURE 1. Aerial imagery of a reference site, Alberding Lagoon National Waterfowl Production Area (WPA), Clay County, Nebraska. The surrounding matrix is predominately cropland, however, the WMA is rangeland with a playa wetland located in the middle. Three traps were placed in the wetland (represented by triangle points) and three traps in the upland (represented by square points).
FIGURE 3. Miconia portogallensis. A–B. Functionally staminate flowers with Eumeninae wasp, a potential pollinator. C in Miconia portogallensis (Melastomataceae) a new species from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Miconia portogallensis. A–B. Functionally staminate flowers with Eumeninae wasp, a potential pollinator. C. Functionally staminate inflorescence in recently collected specimen. D. Detail of functionally staminate flowers. (R. de Santiago 3126).
The South American Black Bumblebee (Bombus pauloensis) as a Potential Pollinator of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
<p><span>Abstract of the manuscript: We assessed if the commercially reared South American bumblebee <em>Bombus pauloensis</em> has potential as an alfalfa pollinator by monitoring their colony activity daily. We analyzed the pollen collected by using pollen traps specifically designed for <em>B. pauloensis</em> nests and counted the number of bumblebees in the crop. As results, colony activity was found to be highest during the mornings, 65% of the pollen trap samples analyzed contained alfalfa pollen grains, and 60% of the total pollen loads were identified as alfalfa pollen. Although the honey bee was the predominant pollinator observed in the crop, the high percentage of alfalfa pollen found in the pollen traps of <em>B. pauloensis</em> nests suggests that this species could be considered a potential managed pollinator for alfalfa crops.</span></p>
Figure 2 in Japanese white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) as potential pollinators of summer-flowering Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae)
Figure 2. Hourly variation in the number of visits by Zosterops japonicus to the flowers in a patch of Taxillus kaempferi on 24 July 2016.
Figure 1 in Japanese white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) as potential pollinators of summer-flowering Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae)
Figure 1. Taxillus kaempferi and its flower visitor Zosterops japonicus. (a) T. kaempferi parasitising a branch of the host plant Pinus densiflora. (b) Individual flowers of T. kaempferi (upper flower, ventral view; lower flower, lateral view). Lines indicate the measured distances from the floral entrance to the floral base (x) and the stylar head (y) (see text for details). (c) Z. japonicus inserting its bill in a flower. (d) A close-up view of (c), showing the Z. japonicus bill and facial feathers touching the plant reproductive organs. (e) Z. japonicus visiting a patch of T. kaempferi. (f) A close-up view of (e), with a white arrow showing the pollen attached (pale-yellow grains) to the bill of Z. japonicus.
Fig. 1. Epuraea ocularis. A in Potential Brood-Site Pollination Mutualism between Balanophora tobiracola Makino (Santalales: Balanophoraceae) and The Sap Beetle Epuraea ocularis Fairmaire, 1849 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Fig. 1. Epuraea ocularis. A) Adult visiting a Balanophora tobiracola inflorescence, B) Larvae consuming a B. tobiracola inflorescence. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURES 43–50 in Microlia cayaponia, a new pollen-feeder species from Brazil (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Hoplandriini) and its potential competition in pollinator activity in Cayaponia plants (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURES 43–50. Microlia cayaponia sp. nov., aedeagus. 43, whole aedeagus, ventral; 44, median lobe, lateral; 45, apex of median lobe, lateral; 46, apex of median lobe, detail of dentate region; 47, paramere, internal view; 48, apex of paramere; 49, paramere, outer view; 50, apex of paramere. Scale bars: 43–44, 47, 49, 0.02 mm; 45, 50 0.01 mm; 46, 0.002 mm; 48, 0.003 mm.
FIGURES 26–28 in Microlia cayaponia, a new pollen-feeder species from Brazil (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Hoplandriini) and its potential competition in pollinator activity in Cayaponia plants (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURES 26–28. Microlia cayaponia sp. nov., antenna. 26, whole antenna; 27, antennomere 11; 28, detail of a sensillum of antennomere 11. Scale bars: 26, 27, 0.01 mm; 28, 0.001 mm.
FIGURES 1–2 in Microlia cayaponia, a new pollen-feeder species from Brazil (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Hoplandriini) and its potential competition in pollinator activity in Cayaponia plants (Cucurbitaceae)
FIGURES 1–2. Microlia cayaponia sp. nov., holotype, male. 1, lateral habitus; 2, dorsal habitus. About 1.7 mm, from tip of the head to abdominal apex.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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