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35 results for “range contraction”
Influence of Paleolithic Range Contraction, Admixture and Long-Distance Dispersal on Genetic Gradients of Modern Humans in Asia
<p>Each folder is identified according to the scenario, and contains another folder with the input files (files *.txt, *.par, *.sam, *.asc) to simulate it, the corresponding simulated genetic data (files *.arp) and the derived PC maps (files *.png). A file with the locations of the samples is also included (coord.txt).</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion * <br> The folder “Paleo” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion, ignoring the range contraction induced by the LGM and LDD events.</p> <p>* Pure Paleolithic expansion considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM.</p> <p> * Pure Paleolithic expansion considering long-distance dispersal (LDD) events * <br> The folder “Paleo_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a pure Paleolithic expansion considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and later from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East and East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo2NeoIR0_LDD” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by two Neolithic expansions from Middle East and later from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0) from Middle East considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES) the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering the range contraction induced by the LGM * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia suffering the range contraction induced by the LGM. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from Middle East considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_MiddleEastNeoIR004_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events. </p> <p>* Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansion (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events * <br> The folder “Paleo_EastAsiaNeoIR0_REC” contains the input files (INFILES), the genetic data and the corresponding PC maps simulated under the scenario of a Paleolithic expansion followed by a single Neolithic expansions (IR=0.04) from East Asia considering LDD events.</p>
Oriental Honey-Buzzards Dataset | Climate change leads to range contraction for the Oriental Honey-Buzzards: How to point out the future conservation strategies?
<p>This dataset contains raster data (.TIF) in probability and binary outputs of oriental honey-buzzards distribution within the wintering and breeding areas under changing climate.</p> <p><strong>File Size</strong>: ~184 MB (13.8 MB in compressed ZIP file)</p> <p><strong>Format File</strong>:</p> <p><em>ohb_A_B_C</em>.tif (.tfw; .XML; .dbf)</p> <p><strong>A</strong>: breeding or wintering</p> <p><strong>B</strong>: timepoint and scenario. e.g., 2050ssp5 or 2010ssp2</p> <p><strong>C</strong>: binary or probability outputs. e.g., bin or prob. <em>Note: for binary maps, value 0: non-suitable areas for OHB and value 1: suitable areas for OHB</em></p> <p>For further inquiries. Please contact: aryo_acondro@apps.ipb.ac.id</p>
Data from: Influence of paleolithic range contraction, admixture and long-distance dispersal on genetic gradients of modern humans in Asia
<p>Cavalli-Sforza and coauthors originally explored the genetic variation of modern humans throughout the world and observed an overall east-west genetic gradient in Asia. However, the specific environmental and population genetics processes causing this gradient were not formally investigated and promoted discussion in recent studies. Here we studied the influence of diverse environmental and population genetics processes on Asian genetic gradients and identified which could have produced the observed gradient. To do so, we performed extensive spatially-explicit computer simulations of genetic data under the following scenarios: (<i>i</i>) variable levels of admixture between Paleolithic and Neolithic populations, (<i>ii</i>) migration through long-distance dispersal (LDD), (<i>iii</i>) Paleolithic range contraction induced by the last glacial maximum (LGM) and, (<i>iv</i>) Neolithic range expansions from one or two geographic origins (the Fertile Crescent and the Yangzi and Yellow River Basins). Next, we estimated genetic gradients from the simulated data and we found that they were sensible to the analyzed processes, especially to the range contraction induced by LGM and to the number of Neolithic expansions. Some scenarios were compatible with the observed east-west genetic gradient, such as the Paleolithic expansion with a range contraction induced by the LGM or two Neolithic range expansions from both the east and the west. In general, LDD increased the variance of genetic gradients among simulations. We interpreted the obtained gradients as a consequence of both <i>allele surfing</i> caused by range expansions and isolation by distance along the vast east-west geographic axis of this continent.</p>
Under the radar: genetic assessment of Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) and Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), two Rio Grande basin endemic cyprinids that have experienced recent range contractions
<p>The Rio Grande drainage of the southwestern United States and Mexico has undergone intense anthropogenic alteration by water diversions, extraction and associated habitat changes. These alterations have disproportionately impacted the pelagic broadcast spawning guild of minnows (pelagophils). Several Rio Grande endemic pelagophils, including the co-occurring Rio Grande Shiner (<i>Notropis jemezanus</i>) and Speckled Chub (<i>Macrhybopsis aestivalis</i>), have experienced dramatic recent range-wide declines yet have slipped under the radar of conservation efforts. The status of <i>N. jemezanus </i>and <i>M. aestivalis </i>in the Rio Grande and Pecos River was evaluated and standing genetic variation were characterized. Genetic evidence indicates that populations of both species found in the Rio Grande and Pecos River are genetically distinct. Additionally, 159 outlier loci were identified in <i>M. aestivalis </i>suggesting possible local adaptation in the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations. Though range-wide genetic data are limited, <i>N. jemezanus </i>populations in both rivers harbor considerable genetic diversity. Mitochondrial data from both taxa are consistent with a history of secondary contact between formerly isolated populations with deeply divergent haplotypes found within the Rio Grande and Pecos River populations of <i>N. jemezanus </i>and within the Rio Grande population of <i>M. aestivalis.</i> Extensive survey efforts in the lower Rio Grande and its tributaries in Texas document significant range contraction and near extirpation of <i>N. jemezanus </i>from this part of the basin; highlighting the need for immediate action to protect the species. </p>
Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: The western black crested gibbon
<p>Aim: Species ranges in mountain areas may shift both horizontally and altitudinally, resulting from climate change and anthropogenic impact. Two hypotheses (the abundant center hypothesis and the contagion hypothesis) have been proposed to account for patterns of horizontal range contraction. However, undulating topograph causes a mosaic of unsuitable habitats, which may complicate the spatial pattern of range contraction. We develop a framework incorporating horizontal and altitudinal range contraction patterns of a species living in mountain areas, to better understand the underlying mechanisms of species range contraction.</p> <p>Location: China, North Laos, and North Vietnam</p> <p>Taxon: Western black crested gibbon, <i>Nomascus concolor</i></p> <p>Methods: We collected occurrence data of the gibbons from various sources and modelled their potential distribution range in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s, using ecological niche modelling. We compared distances from the center point of the potential range in 1950s to center points of the largest 100 patches in the 1950s and the 2010s to understand the patterns of horizontal range contraction. We also calculated potential distribution within different altitudinal range for six populations in each period to understand the patterns of altitudinal range contraction.</p> <p>Results: Potential horizontal distribution of the gibbons decreased by 69% from the 1950s to the 2010s. We found the 100 largest patches in 2010s were further apart from the center point of the potential range in 1950s compared to the 100 largest patches in 1950s, supporting the contagion hypothesis. No populations extended their range to higher altitude, suggesting climate change did not have a profound effect on gibbon range upward shift. All populations lost a substantial proportion of their ranges in lower altitude (500 – 1,500 m) but to different degrees, suggesting that populations experienced different anthropogenic pressures.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Anthropogenic threats probably including human population increase, agricultural expansion and hunting, were more likely than climate change to have caused range contraction in western black-crested gibbons. This study highlights the importance of studying horizontal and altitudinal range contraction simultaneously.</p>
Data from: Occurrence-habitat mismatching and niche truncation when modelling distributions affected by anthropogenic range contractions
<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Human-induced pressures such as deforestation cause anthropogenic range contractions (ARCs). Such contractions present dynamic distributions that may engender data misrepresentations within species distribution models. The temporal bias of occurrence data—where occurrences represent distributions before (past bias) or after (recent bias) ARCs—underpins these data misrepresentations. Occurrence-habitat mismatching results when occurrences sampled before contractions are modelled with contemporary anthropogenic variables; niche truncation results when occurrences sampled after contractions are modelled without anthropogenic variables. Our understanding of their independent and interactive effects on model performance remains incomplete but is vital for developing good modelling protocols. Through a virtual ecologist approach, we demonstrate how these data misrepresentations manifest and investigate their effects on model performance.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Virtual Southeast Asia</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using 100 virtual species, we simulated ARCs with 100-year land-use data and generated temporally biased (past, recent) occurrence datasets. We modelled datasets with and without a contemporary land-use variable (conventional modelling protocols) and with a temporally dynamic land-use variable. We evaluated each model's ability to predict historical and contemporary distributions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Greater ARC resulted in greater occurrence-habitat mismatching for datasets with past bias and greater niche truncation for datasets with recent bias. Occurrence-habitat mismatching prevented models with the contemporary land-use variable from predicting anthropogenic-related absences, causing overpredictions of contemporary distributions. Although niche truncation caused underpredictions of historical distributions (environmentally suitable habitats), incorporating the contemporary land-use variable resolved these underpredictions, even when mismatching occurred. Models with the temporally dynamic land-use variable consistently outperformed models without.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> We showed how these data misrepresentations can degrade model performance, undermining their use for empirical research and conservation science. Given the ubiquity of anthropogenic range contractions, these data misrepresentations are likely inherent to most datasets. Therefore, we present a three-step strategy for handling data misrepresentations: maximise the temporal range of anthropogenic predictors, exclude mismatched occurrences, and test for residual data misrepresentations.</p>
Under the radar: genetic assessment of Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) and Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), two Rio Grande basin endemic cyprinids that have experienced recent range contractions
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Anatomy of a range contraction: Flow-phenology mismatches threaten salmonid fishes near their trailing edge
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Data from: Influence of paleolithic range contraction, admixture and long-distance dispersal on genetic gradients of modern humans in Asia
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Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: The western black crested gibbon
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Data from: Occurrence-habitat mismatching and niche truncation when modelling distributions affected by anthropogenic range contractions
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Data from: Topographic ruggedness and rainfall mediate geographic range contraction of a threatened marsupial predator
Aim: Species range contractions are increasingly common globally. The niche reduction hypothesis posits that geographic range contractions are often patterned across space owing to heterogeneity in threat impacts and tolerance. We applied the niche reduction hypothesis to the decline of a threatened marsupial predator across northern Australia, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus). Location: Northern Australia Methods: We assembled a data base containing 3178 historic and contemporary records for northern quolls across the extent of their distribution dating between 1770 and 2019. Based on these records, we estimated changes in the geographic range of the northern quoll using α-hulls across four main populations. We then examined how range contractions related to factors likely to mediate the exposure, susceptibility, or tolerance of northern quolls to threats. Result: The extent of range contractions showed an east-west gradient, most likely reflecting the timing of spread of introduced cane toads (Rhinella marina). There were clear changes in environmental characteristics within the contemporary compared to the historic geographic range, with the most substantial occurring in populations that have suffered the greatest range contractions. The contemporary range is comprised of higher quality habitats (measured using environmental niche models), characterized by higher topographical ruggedness and annual rainfall, and reduced distance to water, compared to the historic range. Main conclusions: Changes to range and niche likely reflect the capacity of complex habitats to ameliorate threats (namely predation and altered fire regimes), and access to resources that increase threat tolerance. This study highlights the multivariate nature of ecological refuges, and the importance of high-quality habitats for the persistence of species exposed to multiple threats. Our methods provide a useful framework which can be applied across taxa in providing valuable insight to management.
Data from: Range contraction and increasing isolation of a polar bear subpopulation in an era of sea-ice loss
Climate change is expected to result in range shifts and habitat fragmentation for many species. In the Arctic, loss of sea ice will reduce barriers to dispersal or eliminate movement corridors, resulting in increased connectivity or geographic isolation with sweeping implications for conservation. We used satellite telemetry, data from individually marked animals (research and harvest), and microsatellite genetic data to examine changes in geographic range, emigration, and interpopulation connectivity of the Baffin Bay (BB) polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulation over a 25-year period of sea-ice loss. Satellite telemetry collected from n = 43 (1991–1995) and 38 (2009–2015) adult females revealed a significant contraction in subpopulation range size (95% bivariate normal kernel range) in most months and seasons, with the most marked reduction being a 70% decline in summer from 716,000 km2 (SE 58,000) to 211,000 km2 (SE 23,000) (p < .001). Between the 1990s and 2000s, there was a significant shift northward during the on-ice seasons (2.6° shift in winter median latitude, 1.1° shift in spring median latitude) and a significant range contraction in the ice-free summers. Bears in the 2000s were less likely to leave BB, with significant reductions in the numbers of bears moving into Davis Strait (DS) in winter and Lancaster Sound (LS) in summer. Harvest recoveries suggested both short and long-term fidelity to BB remained high over both periods (83–99% of marked bears remained in BB). Genetic analyses using eight polymorphic microsatellites confirmed a previously documented differentiation between BB, DS, and LS; yet weakly differentiated BB from Kane Basin (KB) for the first time. Our results provide the first multiple lines of evidence for an increasingly geographically and functionally isolated subpopulation of polar bears in the context of long-term sea-ice loss. This may be indicative of future patterns for other polar bear subpopulations under climate change.
Data from: Genetic diversity maintained among fragmented populations of a tree undergoing range contraction
Dwarf birch (Betula nana) has a widespread boreal distribution but has declined significantly in Britain where populations are now highly fragmented. We analysed the genetic diversity of these fragmented populations using markers that differ in mutation rate: conventional microsatellites markers (PCR-SSRs), RADseq generated transition and transversion SNPs (RAD-SNPs), and microsatellite markers mined from RADseq reads (RAD-SSRs). We estimated the current population sizes by census and indirectly, from the linkage disequilibrium found in the genetic surveys. The two types of estimate were highly correlated. Overall we found genetic diversity to be only slightly lower in Britain than across a comparable area in Scandinavia where populations are large and continuous. Whilst the ensemble of British fragments maintain diversity levels close to Scandinavian populations, individually they have drifted apart and lost diversity; particularly the smaller populations. An ABC analysis, based on coalescent models, favours demographic scenarios in which Britain maintained high levels of genetic diversity through post-glacial recolonisation. This diversity has subsequently been partitioned into population fragments that have recently lost diversity at a rate corresponding to the current population-size estimates. We conclude that the British population fragments retain sufficient genetic resources to be the basis of conservation and re-planting programmes. Use of markers with different mutation rates gives us greater confidence and insight than one marker set could have alone, and we suggest that RAD-SSRs are particularly useful as high mutation rate marker set with a well-specified ascertainment bias, which are widely available yet often neglected in existing RAD datasets.
Range expansion and contraction of Tillandsia landbeckii lomas in hyperarid Chilean Atacama Desert indicate ancient introgression and geneflow
<p><span>Here we hypothesise that interspecies geneflow as well as secondary contact of formerly isolated clusters of <em>T. landbeckii</em> may have contributed to maintain, restore or even enhance the species´ genetic diversity through space and time. We employed genotyping-by sequencing (GBS) to obtain genetic variation largely retrieved from the nuclear genome on population level, and used the same data to extract sequence information to define maternally inherited plastid types. Reference plastomes from different plastid types via a genome-wide short read sequencing approach (genome skimming) were assembled. Plastome data were analysed in order to provide a robust phylogenetic and temporal framework of the maternal perspective including various epiarenic species of particular interest for the evolutionary history of <em>T. landbeckii</em>. The spatiotemporal scale of our study covers the entire Chilean Atacama Desert with a focus on one population form the central cluster. The aim of our study is to provide reasonable explanations for orphan genetic clusters on different spatial scales, while highlighting the idea of evolutionary significant secondary genetic contact on and between species level, which may have also fostered the evolution of epiarenic growth in Tillandsia. This study should pave the way for future comparative evolutionary studies across epiarenic Tillandsia species to unravel the co-evolution of the Atacama Desert system and biological life.</span></p>
Socio-ecological gap analysis to forecast species range contractions for conservation
Conservation requires both a needs assessment and prioritization scheme for planning and implementation. Range maps are critical for understanding and conserving biodiversity, but current range maps often omit content, negating important metrics of variation in populations and places. Here, we integrate a myriad of conditions that are spatially explicit across distributions of carnivores to identify gaps in capacity necessary for their conservation. Expanding on traditional gap analyses that focus almost exclusively on quantifying discordance in protected area coverage across a species' range, our work aggregates threat layers (e.g., drought, human pressures) with resources layers (e.g., protected areas, cultural diversity) to identify gaps in available conservation capacity (ACC) across ranges for 91 African carnivores. Our model indicated that all species have some portion of their range at risk of contraction, with an average of 15 percentage range loss. We found that the ACC differed based on body size and taxonomy. Results deviated from current perceptions of extinction risks for species with an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat status of Least Concern and yielded insights for species categorized as Data Deficient. Our socio-ecological gap analysis presents a geospatial approach to inform decision-making and resource allocation in conservation. Ultimately, our work advances forecasting dynamics of species' ranges that are increasingly vital in an era of great socio-ecological change to mitigate human–wildlife conflict and promote inclusive carnivore conservation across geographies.
Data and code for: Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps
<p>Dataset of the publication Geppert C., Bertolli A., Prosser F., Marini L., (2023): Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps. PNAS. Contacts: costanza.geppert@unipd.it - lorenzo.marini@unipd.it.</p> <p>This data repository consists of plant records collected in the Trento Province from 1990 to 2019, species' elevational range shifts, ecological traits, hotspots' files and R script. </p> <p>Description of the dataset: please see ReadMe.docx containing information on each file and instructions for use.</p>
Range contractions and reduced body mass predicted for endemic skinks of the Cameroon volcanic line with future warming
<p><em><span>Aim </span></em></p> <p><span>The vulnerability of montane species to environmental change has been increasingly recognized over the past decade. However, most of these species are regionally endemic with restricted ranges, limiting dispersal necessary for avoiding extinction. </span><span>Threats posed for montane lizards could be further complicated in species following Bergmann's rule, where body size increases with altitude.</span><span> In this study, we applied a bioclimatic and body mass trait-based species distribution model approach to identify areas suitable for montane endemic skink species of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) under current and future climates. </span></p> <p><em><span>Location</span></em></p> <p><span>Cameroon Volcanic Line</span></p> <p><em><span>Methods</span></em></p> <p><span>We recorded occurrence records and measured body mass in the field for skink species endemic to the CVL. We additionally supplemented our occurrence data with records from an online repository. We projected habitat suitability in the region by implementing the occurrence data in the bioclimatic species distribution models. We further integrated both occurrence and body mass information in our trait-based model to project potential body mass.</span></p> <p><em><span>Results</span></em></p> <p><span>Projected currently suitable ranges were limited to higher elevation regions, which are inhabited by numerous other threatened amphibian and reptile species. We found that, for our two skink species following Bergmann clines in body mass, trait model predictions covered a slightly larger geographic range than bioclimatic estimates. Under future warming, both models predict substantial contractions in suitable areas, potentially constraining species to mountain tops. Through the trait-based approach, we further detected potential warming-induced body mass reductions in projected suitable areas.</span></p> <p><em><span>Main conclusions</span></em></p> <p><span>We thus demonstrate how combining occurrence records with species trait information in predictive modelling can reveal complementary trends for more comprehensive climate change impact assessments. Overall, these challenges towards the persistence of CVL-endemic skink species should prompt urgent responses in national conservation management and local community engagement.</span></p>
Effect of a Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion and Voluntary Contraction in Overhead Athletes With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits "GIRD"
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03044236. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Climate change modelling indicates extensive range contractions for a scarce southern African endemic and minimal protected area network within its future climatically suitable range
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