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Fig. 5 in Reflex-bleeding in the Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Morphological Basis and Possible Function

Fig. 5. Effectiveness of repellency of extract-treated filter paper discs on ant workers in a choice situation. Each bar represents the mean ± SD number of ants in contact with the filter paper disc during a 30 min period. Hatched bars: untreated filter paper; empty bars: solvent-treated filter paper; black bars: extract-treated filter paper. Each experiment was evaluated by a pairwise comparisons t-test; **, P, 0.01; *, P, 0.05; n.s., no significant difference. Monomorium pharaonis (A) and Polyrhachis vicina (B).

Fig. 3 in Reflex-bleeding in the Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Morphological Basis and Possible Function

Fig. 3. Phase contrast microscopic comparison of exuded droplets from pronotal margin (a) and haemolymph (b) of male adult (different haemocytes are visible). Scale bar 5 20 Mm.

Fig. 4 in Reflex-bleeding in the Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Morphological Basis and Possible Function

Fig. 4. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of exuded fluid. Exuded fluid from pronotal margins (RF1), exuded fluid from elytral margins (RF2), and haemolymph from adult severed legs of firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (H).

Fig. 1 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 1. Selected developmental measurements of Asbolus verrucosus. A) Histogram of the number of eggs hatching at ambient temperature based on number of days after collection (n = 199), B) Head capsule widths for larvae, C) Time to pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) for mature larvae transferred to 88 °F at different ages, D) Time required to induce pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) after mature larvae were transferred to 88 °F at different ages.

Fig. 3 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 3. Death feigning in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Adult beetle feigning death, B) Survival analysis of adult death feigning (n = 24), C) Larva feigning death, D) Survival analysis of larval death feigning (n = 32). Scale bars: 1 cm.

Fig. 2 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 2. Captive-bred Asbolus verrucosus pupae and adults. A) Ventral view of a pupa, B) Lateral view of a pupa, C) Dorsal view of a newly eclosed adult, D) Rugose elytra inside elytral sheath from a preserved specimen, E) Tergite with setae from a preserved specimen, F) Setae near urogomphi, G–I) Teneral adults at increasing ages. Scales for top and bottom rows are 5 mm and 0.5 mm for the middle row.

Fig. 4 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 4. Reflex bleeding in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Two recently exhumed larvae feigning death. The larva on the top (arrow) bled and was obscured by debris, B) Exudate (arrows) originating from regions proximal to the second abdominal sternite, C) Micrograph of the exudate (differential interference contrast image merged with DAPI stained image) revealed hemocytes were present, D) Abdominal pleuron near second sternite in a larva prior to reflex bleeding (arrow indicates site where larva bled), E) Same larva as in (D), showing melanization at the site about 10 minutes after bleeding. Scales in A and B are 1 cm, C is 5 mm, D and E are 0.1 cm.

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Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) - Supplementary videos 1 to 4

Supplementary videos demonstrating methods for inducing death feigning in Asbolus verrucosus, LeConte (1851), as well as wriggling behavior, death-feigning behavior and reflex bleeding in immature stages. Supplementary video 1. The hand transfer method is demonstrated. A moment after the investigator releases the larva, a fine mist of blood is quickly squirted and then then the larva oozes blood (indicated with arrow). A portion of the video is then shown enlarged and slowed to 10% original speed to better show the reflex bleeding. Supplementary video 2. The rotisserie method is demonstrated with the three species investigated (labeled as they pass by for the first time). The Asbolus verrucosus larva displays death feigning behavior and maintains a rigid but slightly curved posture (tonic immobility), while the other two species continue twisting and wandering about their enclosures. Supplementary Video 3. Wriggling behavior is induced in larvae, then in a pupa of Asbolus verrucosus. Supplementary Video 4. This video shows typical death feigning behavior in a blue death feigning beetle larva. Imperceptibly slow movements are more readily observed if the video is viewed at high speed.

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Fig. 2 in Reflex-bleeding in the Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Morphological Basis and Possible Function

Fig. 2. SEM views of pronotal and elytral margins of male adult firefly. Regular depressions along the pronotal margin (a), intact depression structure from pronotal margin

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Fig. 1 in Reflex-bleeding in the Firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Morphological Basis and Possible Function

Fig. 1. Reflex-bleeding in the adult firefly, Pyrocoelia pectoralis. A white droplet of blood exuded from the adult male pronotal margin (a), reflex-bleeding occurred along the adult male elytral margins (b) and a transparent droplet of blood exuded from the adult female pronotal margin (c). Scale bar 5 0.5 mm.