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35 results for “road effects”
The interactive effects of nitrate and road salt on benthic algal assemblages in an artificial stream experiment
To investigate and quantify the multi-tiered responses of benthic algal assemblages to the impacts of road salt and nitrate, we created artificial flow-through streams with terracotta vessels with nutrient diffusing substrates (NDS) containing varying concentrations of both salt (0-7500 mg/L) and nitrate (0-5.9 mg/L) and incubated for 56 days during the summer. This work was done at the University of Michigan Biological Station's stream research facility. The streams and algae were sampled on day 7, 14, 28, and 56. The algae pigments were quantified via a fluoroprobe and diatoms were quantified with counts on slides. Finally, both 13s and 16s DNA sequencing was performed on all of the samples.
Supplementary material 1 from: Pontoppidan M, Nachman G (2013) Spatial Amphibian Impact Assessment – a management tool for assessment of road effects on regional populations of Moor frogs (Rana arvalis). Nature Conservation 5: 29-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.5.4612
Full model description following the protocol suggested by Grimm et al. (2006, 2010) and model parameterisation. (doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.5.4612.app). File format: Adobe PDF document (pdf).:
Train and Evaluation Code, Road Classification Models and Test set of the paper "Insights into the Effects of Image Overlap and Image Size on Semantic Segmentation Models Trained for Road Surface Area Extraction from Aerial Orthophotography"
<p>This repository contains the Python scripts built for training and evaluation of the implementation, together with the test data and the resulting road segmentation models corresponding to the paper "Insights into the Effects of Image Overlap and Image Size on Semantic Segmentation Models Trained for Road Surface Area Extraction from Aerial Orthophotography". The scripts make use of the Tensorflow with Keras framework and their additional required dependencies.</p> <p>The training and validation set is based on the binary SROADEX dataset (<a href="../records/6482346">https://zenodo.org/records/6482346</a>) that was re-split into tiles that feature the image resolutions (256 x 256, 512 x 512, and 1024 x 1024 pixels) and image overlaps (0% and 12.5%) considered in this study. The data have been generated using scripts developed in Python using Open Source libraries (GDAL/OGR and MapScript) for rasterization of vector cartography that represents the axes of the different types of roads (urban, interurban and rural). This binary road data contains information from 16 full orthoimages (28.5 km * 18.5 km) with spatial resolution of 0.5 m/pixel from the insular and peninsular Spanish territory. Due to the size on disk of approximately 492 gigabytes, this training and validation data is only available upon request from the corresponding author. The test set has been generated from a novel area from Palencia (Spain) and features 18 million pixels labelled with the positive "Road" class. The test sets are provided in the repository for each resolution (with no overlap), so that additional DL models can be evaluated on the same data and compared with the results achieved in this study.</p> <p>The structure of the information shared in this repository is as follows:<br>The scripts have been grouped by tile resolution (256, 512 and 1024). First, the test set and the evaluation script can be found. For each tile resolution, there are two subfolders (corresponding to the "no overlap" and "12.5% overlap"). In each case, the Python scripts for training the models in the three repetitions are shared, and the trained models (H5 format) are shared in compressed form. Finally, for each resolution we also share the testing dataset which consists of two folders.</p> <p>The material is distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license.</p>
Fig. 4 in Persistence of snake carcasses on roads and its potential effect on estimating roadkills in a megadiverse country
Fig. 4. Survival curves (i.e., probability of persistence on the road) for snake carcasses on primary and secondary roads in the municipality of Filandia, department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. Kaplan-Meier estimates based on a sample size N = 81 snake carcasses.
Fig. 2 in Persistence of snake carcasses on roads and its potential effect on estimating roadkills in a megadiverse country
Fig. 2. Images of some species of snakes present in the study area and used in the field experiments. (A) Mastigodryas boddaerti, (B) Tantilla melanocephala, (C) Dipsas sanctijoannis, (D) Erythrolamprus epinephelus, (E) Leptodeira annulata, (F) Oxyrophus petolarius. Photos by Lina M. Robayo-Palacio (A), Fernando Vargas-Salinas (B–D), Ana María Ospina-L (E), and Wolfgang Buitrago-González (F).
Fig. 1 in Persistence of snake carcasses on roads and its potential effect on estimating roadkills in a megadiverse country
Fig. 1. Geographic location of the study area. Primary road (Autopista del Café) and the secondary road connecting Autopista del Café with the town of Filandia in the department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. Adapted from SIG Quindío 2016. http://190.85.164.56/sigquindioiii/
Fig. 3 in Persistence of snake carcasses on roads and its potential effect on estimating roadkills in a megadiverse country
Fig. 3. (A) Relationship between weight and body length (Ln = natural logarithm) of snake carcasses used in this study. (B) Relationship between body length of snake carcasses and their persistence time on two roads with different levels of vehicular traffic.
Effects of hydrogen jet fires on the erosion of tunnel road materials and lining materials
<p>This HSE test programme investigated erosive effects of an ignited high pressure hydrogen jet impinging onto concrete and tarmac structural materials. The chosen test conditions mimicked the scenario where a high-pressure release (700bar) occurs from a fuel cell hydrogen (FCH) car as a result of activation of the thermal pressure relief device (TPRD) on the fuel tank. Two nozzle sizes were used for the releases; the first had a diameter of 2.1mm (mimicking existing TPRD) and the second had a diameter of 0.57mm (mimicking a proposed alternative TPRD diameter. The reduced diameter is suggested as a strategy to reduce release hazard safety distances).</p>
The Combined Effects of Road Salt and Biotic Stressors on Amphibian Sex Ratios
Aquatic systems worldwide are threatened by the anthropogenic use of synthetic chemicals, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and road de‐icers. Exposure to contaminants can alter the behavior, morphology, and physiology of organisms if it occurs during sensitive life stages. For instance, past studies have documented feminization of male amphibians following herbicide exposure and skewed sex ratios among amphibian populations exposed to road salt. However, many of these studies lack the complexities found within natural environments, such as competition with conspecifics or threat of predation, which are also known to influence development. Thus, it is important to understand how anthropogenic and natural stressors interact to alter animal sex ratios. Given the growing concern of secondary salinization of freshwater systems, we exposed larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to either road salt (sodium chloride [NaCl]) or an alternative salt mixture (NaCl, magnesium chloride [MgCl2], and potassium chloride [KCl]) at 3 concentrations (200, 600, and 1000 mg Cl−/L) crossed with 3 biotic stressors (no‐stressor control, competition, or predator cues) to examine their potentially interactive effects on sex. Exposure to biotic stressors and NaCl did not influence wood frog sex ratios. In contrast, tadpole exposure to the intermediate salt mixture concentration significantly reduced the proportion of female frogs. Future studies are needed to determine whether such changes in sex are widespread among sensitive species with complex life cycles, and to assess the consequences of sex ratio changes on long‐term population dynamics.
Cascading effects of insecticides and road salt on wetland communities, outdoor mesocosm experiment, New York, USA, 2015
Novel stressors introduced by human activities increasingly threaten freshwater ecosystems. The annual application of more than 2.3 billion kg of pesticide active ingredient and 22 billion kg of road salt has led to the contamination of temperate waterways. While pesticides and road salt are known to cause direct and indirect effects in aquatic communities, their possible interactive effects remain widely unknown. Using outdoor mesocosms, we created wetland communities consisting of zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, and leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles. We evaluated the toxic effects of six broad- spectrum insecticides from three families (neonicotinoids: thiamethoxam, imidacloprid; organophosphates: chlorpyrifos, malathion; pyrethroids: cypermethrin, permethrin), as well as the potentially interactive effects of four of these insecticides with three concentrations of road salt (NaCl; 44, 160, 1600 Cl- mg/L). Organophosphate exposure decreased zooplankton abundance, elevated phytoplankton biomass, and reduced tadpole mass whereas exposure to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids decreased zooplankton abundance but had no significant effect on phytoplankton abundance or tadpole mass. While organophosphates decreased zooplankton abundance at all salt concentrations, effects on phytoplankton abundance and tadpole mass were dependent upon salt concentration. In contrast, while pyrethroids had no effects in the absence of salt, they decreased zooplankton and phytoplankton density under increased salt concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of multiple-stressor research under natural conditions. As human activities continue to imperil freshwater systems, it is vital to move beyond single-stressor experiments that exclude potentially interactive effects of chemical contaminants.
Data from: Effects of roads and land use on frog distributions across spatial scales and regions in the eastern and central United States
Aim: Understanding the scales over which land use affects animal populations is critical for conservation planning, and it can provide information about the mechanisms that underlie correlations between species distributions and land use. We used a citizen-science database of anuran surveys to examine the relationship between road density, land use, and the distribution of frogs and toads across spatial scales and regions of the United States. Location: Eastern and Central United States Methods: We compiled data on anuran occupancy collected from 1999-2013 across 13 states in the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program, a citizen science survey of calling frogs. These data were indexed to measures of land use within buffers ranging from 300 m to 10 km. Results: The negative effects of road density and development on anuran richness were strongest at the smallest scales (300 – 1000 m), and this pattern was consistent across regions. In contrast, the relationships of anuran richness to agriculture and forest cover were similar across local scales but varied among regions. Richness had a negative relationship with agriculture/ forest loss in the Midwest but a positive relationship with agriculture in the Northeast. Anuran richness was more closely related to primary/secondary road density than to rural road density, and the negative effects of larger roads increased at smaller scales. Individual species differed in the scales over which roads and development affected their distributions, but these differences were not closely related to either body size or movement ability. Main conclusions: This study further refines our understanding of the relationship between roads and amphibian populations and highlights the need for research into the specific mechanisms by which roads affect amphibians. Additionally, we find that relationships between land use and species richness can differ substantially across regions, demonstrating that one should use caution in generalizing from one region to another, even when species composition is similar.
Effects of forest roads on vegetation biodiversity and soil characteristics in Hyrcanian forests
<p>As one of the main components of forest operations and sustainable management, forest roads affect the vegetation communities around the road. In this study, the effects of the edge of forest roads were investigated to understand the changes caused by the network of forest roads on the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem in northern Iran. In order to investigate the impact of forest roads on the biodiversity of herbaceous species, tree regeneration and lichen. Sampling was used at different distances from the road in two control and harvested areas. The effects of roads on vegetation diversity in relation to soil characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that harvesting caused the destruction and reduction of tree regeneration, herbaceous and lichen, but the physical and chemical properties of the soil were not affected. The distance from the road has affected the diversity and richness of herbaceous and lichen, tree regenaration and all physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (except C). There was a significant correlation between most of the physical and chemical properties of the soil with the regeneration of trees and herbaceous species. Also, most of the physical and chemical properties of soil have increased with increasing distance from the road. Results showed that the buffering effect of the roadside in these forests up to a distance of 45 meters had an effect on biodiversity and richness. Also, the results of this study are consistent with the fact that the road affects the biodiversity and properties of the forest soil. </p>
Data from: Effects of roads and land use on frog distributions across spatial scales and regions in the eastern and central United States
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Effects of forest roads on vegetation biodiversity and soil characteristics in Hyrcanian forests
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Data for: Effect of low-traffic roads on abundance of ground-nesting birds in sub-Arctic habitats
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Data from: Highway widening and underpass effects on vertebrate road mortality
Road widening (a.k.a. road dualling) and the presence of mitigation structures may have opposing effects on the number of animal-vehicle collisions. Their influence in tropical areas is poorly quantified, and we know little about how modifications of road structure affect fauna roadkill and mitigation. We evaluated how road widening and proximity to a wildlife underpass affect roadkill of medium and large mammals, using roadkill records from before and after the widening of 150 km of road with new and old wildlife underpasses. Roadkilled species were divided into three groups based on mobility and sensitivity to human disturbance. Four out of 16 species exhibited significantly higher roadkill after widening. Roadkill near underpasses was generally higher than by chance, despite our expectation of reduction of roadkills. This result indicates that we must adopt more effective mitigation measures, such as appropriate fencing combined with underpasses.
EFFECT OF PROJECT PLANNING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECT: A CASE OF KICUKIRO CENTER-KAGARAMA-MUYANGE ROAD IMPLEMENTED BY NPD LTD IN KICUKIRO DISTRICT, RWANDA
<p><strong>ABSTRACT:</strong> The study investigated the project planning and performance of road construction project specifically the Kicukiro Center-Kagarama-Muyange Road in Rwanda. The study was guided by specific objectives which are to ascertain the effects of scope planning on performance of road construction projects; to determine the effect of resource planning on performance of road construction projects; to determine the effect of Risk planning on performance of road construction projects; and to examine the effect of stakeholders planning on performance of road construction projects. Descriptive and correlative research designs; and the mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. Targeted population was 237 persons. The study had 149 respondents as sample size. Data collection methods were documentary analysis; questionnaire; interview guide; and observations. Descriptive statistic method was used to analyze collected data specifically the frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Correlation coefficient; and multiple linear Regression analysis models were adopted. The results showed that there is a positive and strong correlation between Project scope planning and Performance. The findings showed level of f-test model is 228.710 which is positive with p-value of 0.000b less than both standard significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01. The study retained alternative hypothesis stated that Ha1 stated that there is a significant effect of resource planning on performance of road construction project; Ha2 said that there are significant effects of scope planning on performance of road construction project; Ha3 stated that there are significant effects of Risk planning on performance of road construction project; and Ha4 said that there are significant effects of stakeholder's involvement on performance of construction projects of Kicukiro Center-Kagarama-Muyange. Kicukiro District. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>project planning; performance; road construction project</p><p> </p>
Fig. 5 in Effects of Forest Roads on Spatial Distribution of Boreal Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 5. Multivariate Regression Trees for the forest and roadside catches (a) and for the roadside catches only (b). The column graphs show the carabid abundances (27 species included) sorted according to the rank-abundance order of the total sample; scales are log10. For a species list sorted accordingly, see Table 1. The values in parentheses show how many samples (traps) fell into a given end branch. The dash-line box in (a) indicates the result of MRT for forest samples only; for further details, see text.
Fig. 2 in Effects of Forest Roads on Spatial Distribution of Boreal Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 2. Study designs of the Hyytiälä and Pornainen studies, and the geographical locations of the two studies. Box shows the area mapped in Figure 1. a. The Hyytiälä study. Black dots indicate pitfall traps operating between 15 May and 23 September, hollow circles indicate traps added in 28 June. b. The Pornainen study. Black dots indicate pitfall traps. In (a) and (b), cross-hatched area is forest, white clear-cut (a) or open farmland (b).
Fig. 4 in Effects of Forest Roads on Spatial Distribution of Boreal Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 4. Median catches of generalist and open-habitat carabids along the roadsides from the forest/clear-cut border. Specimens caught between 15 May and 23 September included. Note that only three roads were included for the open-habitat carabid graph (because of total catch of 1 in one road). For statistical significances of distance gradients, consult Table 2 and Appendix 2b.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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