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39 results for “tropical fruit”
Fruit, seed dispersal, and life history traits of tropical rainforest trees of the Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India
<p>This dataset contains compiled Fruit, seed dispersal, and life history traits of tropical rainforest trees of the Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India. The list of species included are mainly from the following two related publications:<br>- Muthuramkumar, S., Ayyappan, N., Parthasarathy, N., Mudappa, D., Raman, T.R.S., Selwyn, M.A. and Pragasan, L.A. (2006), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x">Plant Community Structure in Tropical Rain Forest Fragments of the Western Ghats, India</a>. <em>Biotropica</em>, 38: 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x<br>- Osuri, A., Chakravarthy, D., Mudappa, D., Raman, T., Ayyappan, N., Muthuramkumar, S., & Parthasarathy, N. (2017). <a href="http://httpd//doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219">Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India</a>. <em>Journal of Tropical Ecology</em>, 33(4), 270-284. doi:10.1017/S0266467417000219<br>The present dataset is an expanded and updated version of the related dataset available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn</a><br> <br>Species traits information was collated from <a href="http://www.biotik.org/">BIOTIK (http://www.biotik.org/</a>), <a href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/">Flowers of India (http://www.flowersofindia.net/)</a>, India Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org/), <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1">Global wood density database (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1)</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219">Osuri et al. (2014): https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219</a>. We also referred to the following previous studies that provided information on the successional status of rain-forest species in the Western Ghats (Chetana 2013, Pascal 1988, Raman et al. 2009, Sreejith 2005).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong><br>CHETANA, H. C. 2013. Assessing the ecological processes in abandoned tea plantations and its implication for ecological restoration in the Western Ghats, India. PhD thesis, Manipal University.<br>OSURI, A. M., KUMAR, V. S. & SANKARAN, M. 2014. Altered stand structure and tree allometry reduce carbon storage in evergreen forest fragments in India’s Western Ghats. <em>Forest Ecology and Management </em>329: 375–383.<br>PASCAL, J. P. 1988. <em>Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India: Ecology, structure, floristic composition and succession</em>. Institut Français de Pondichéry, Pondicherry.<br>RAMAN, T. R. S., MUDAPPA, D. & KAPOOR, V. 2009. Restoring rainforest fragments: survival of mixed-native species seedlings under contrasting site conditions in the Western Ghats, India. <em>Restoration Ecology</em> 17:137–147.<br>SREEJITH, K. A. 2005. Ecological and ecophysiological studies on the successional status of tree seedlings in tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Kerala. PhD thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.</p> <p><strong>Geographic Coverage:</strong><br>1. Location/Study Area: Valparai Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India; Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India<br>2. GPS coordinates: Valparai Plateau (10°15'- 10°22'N, 76°52' - 76°59'E); Anamalai Tiger Reserve (10°12' - 10°35'N, 76°49' - 77°24'E)</p> <p><strong>Temporal Coverage:</strong><br>1. Begins: 2003-03-01 (Year, Month, Day)<br>2. Ends: 2024-02-10 (Year, Month, Day)</p> <p>Besides the <strong>README.txt</strong> file, the dataset includes the following comma-delimited text (csv) file with the data in columns as explained below:</p> <p><strong>Anamalai_tree_traits_2024.csv</strong></p> <p><strong>spec_name_ORIG:</strong> Scientific name of the species used during the data collection<br><strong>genus:</strong> Genus of the taxon<br><strong>specificEpithet:</strong> Specific epithet of the taxon in the Latin binomial name<br><strong>Accept_name_WFO:</strong> Updated scientific name of the species as in Plants of the World Online (POWO, https://powo.science.kew.org/)<br><strong>Habit:</strong> life form of the species(tree/shrub/cane/palm)<br><strong>Distribution:</strong> Distribution of the species in the study area (Native/Endemic/Introduced)<br><strong>IUCN_status:</strong> IUCN status of the species (CR-Critically Endangered,DD-Data deficient,EN-Endangered,LC-Least Concern,NT-Near Threatened,VU-Vulnerable,NA-Unknown)<br><strong>Wden_final:</strong> Wood density value assigned for the species (g cm^-3); NA - not available; sourced from Global wood density database (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1)<br><strong>wd_level:</strong> Level in which the wood density value belongs (Species - wood density value is from species level; genus - wood density value assigned is the genus level average value)<br><strong>fruit_type:</strong> Morphological type of fruit<br><strong>fleshy_dry:</strong> Whether fruit is a dry fruit or fleshy, with aril or other parts <br><strong>seed_size:</strong> Species seed size: L = Large (>3 cm); M = Medium (1-3 cm); S = Small (<1 cm)<br><strong>disperser:</strong> Categories indicating seed dispersal mode: Bird, mammal, bird and mammal (Mammal_bird), gravity, wind, or unknown<br><strong>habitat:</strong> Habitat affinity category: EG_edg - evergreen forest edge; EG_for - evergreen forest; Dec_for - deciduous forest; Int – Introduced species; Unknown – Unknown<br><strong>habt_new:</strong> Habitat affinity new category: Mature – mature forest; Secondary – secondary forest, NA - unknown/Introduced species<br><strong>ad_ht:</strong> Species maximum adult height (m)</p>
Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
<p>The large grove-forming tropical tree <em>Microberlinia bisulcata</em> (Fabaceae subfamily Detarioideae) at Korup, Cameroon, shows strong mast fruiting. Reproductive allocation is considerable. The site has very nutrient-poor soil. To test the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis, phenological recordings between 1989 and 2017 were matched with climate variables and analyzed using logistic time-series regression. Masting happened mostly on 2- or 3-year cycles. A strong predictor was mean daily rainfall in the dry season: low in the current year of masting and high in the year prior. Less strongly predictive was the increase in dry season radiation between prior and mast years. Masting events showed no relationship to annual stem increment, nor with local plantation yields. Later, the normally heavy mastings became moderate after two attacks by caterpillars. Collated studies of fallen leaf nutrient concentrations showed that P increased markedly, K rose and fell, but N and Mg changed little, in the inter-mast interval. P and K were likely being accumulated and stored and then triggered masting events when internal thresholds were crossed. The drier season prior to masting enabled a rise in C, and the wetter season the year before, with higher soil moisture, enabled better acquisition and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizas. The main storage of P may be in bark and branches, that for K on soil organic-colloids. A rooting-fruiting trade-off in C allocated over a minimal 2-year cycle is implied. The hypothesis is that synchrony among masting trees may be achieved, in part, by equilibration of P across the mycorrhizal network. The long-term driver appears to be the inherent year-to-year stochasticity of dry-season rainfall, the realization of which leads to an important refinement of the hypothesis. Life history strategy linked to nutrient resource dynamics provides a plausible explanation and more advanced hypothesis for the masting events observed.</p>
Fig. 1 in Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in tropical fruit trees in the eastern Amazon, Brazil
Fig. 1. Interactions between species of scale insects and parasitoids with the total number of interactions with each species of host plant (Jun 2014 to Aug 2015) at Maranhão Island, Maranhão, Brazil.
Fig. 1 in Development of Rhagoletis pomonella and Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango and other tropical and temperate fruit in the laboratory
Fig. 1. Mean numbers of apple-origin female and male adults of Rhagoletis pomonella that landed on apple and tropical fruit in the laboratory in 2014. (A) Test using 1 female and 1 male per replicate; (B) test using 3 females and 3 males per replicate; n = number of replicates. Error bars represent SE. Ranks inside parentheses above bars with the same letter within sexes are not significantly different (P> 0.05; LSD test afer Kruskal–Wallis test). Females in (A): χ2 = 20.46; df = 1; P <0.0001; males in (A): χ2 = 20.37; df = 1; P <0.0001; females in (B): χ2 = 22.18; df = 4; P = 0.0002; males in (B): χ2 = 35.54; df = 4; P <0.0001.
Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest
<p><span>Studying fruit traits and their interactions with seed dispersers can improve how we interpret patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that fruit ethanol is common, variable, and may exert selective pressures on seed dispersers. To test this, we comprehensively assess fruit ethanol content in a wild ecosystem and explore sources of variation. We hypothesise that both phylogeny and seed dispersal syndrome explain variation in ethanol levels, and we predict that fruits with mammalian dispersal traits will contain higher levels of ethanol than those with bird dispersal traits. We measured ripe fruit ethanol content in species with mammal- (n = 16), bird- (n = 14), or mixed-dispersal (n = 7) syndromes in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Seventy-eight percent of fruit species yielded measurable ethanol concentrations. We detected a phylogenetic signal in maximum ethanol levels (Pagel's λ = 0.82). Controlling for phylogeny, we observed greater ethanol concentrations in mammal-dispersed fruits, indicating that dispersal syndrome helps explain variation in ethanol content and that mammals may be more exposed to ethanol in their diets than birds. Our findings further our understanding of wild fruit ethanol and its potential role as a selective pressure on frugivore sensory systems and metabolism.</span></p>
Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest
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Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
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Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
<p>The role of conspecific density dependence (CDD) in the maintenance of species richness is a central focus of tropical forest ecology. However, tests of CDD often ignore the integrated effects of CDD over multiple life-stages and their long-term impacts on population demography. We combined a 10-year time series of seed production, seedling recruitment and sapling and tree demography of three dominant Southeast Asian tree species that adopt a mast fruiting phenology. We used these data to construct individual-based models that examine the effects of CDD on population growth rates (λ) across life-history stages. Recruitment was driven by positive CDD for all species, supporting the predator satiation hypothesis, while negative CDD affected seedling and sapling growth of two species, significantly reducing λ. This negative CDD on juvenile growth overshadowed the positive CDD of recruitment, suggesting the cumulative effects of CDD during seedling and sapling development has greater importance than the positive CDD during infrequent masting events. Overall, CDD varied between positive and negative across life-history stages for all species, suggesting that assessments of CDD on transitions between just two stages (e.g. seeds-seedlings or juveniles-mature trees) likely misrepresents the importance of CDD on population growth and stability.</p>
Effects of canopy cover on fruiting intensity and fruit removal of a tropical invasive weed
<p>Lantana camara (hereafter, Lantana) is among the worst invasive alien plants spread extensively across Africa, Australia and Asia at an alarming rate, posing significant challenges to conservation of native biodiversity. While, Lantana invasion is widely recognised to be more pronounced in open-canopy habitats (including deciduous forests, forest edges and gaps), the potential role of variation in seed dispersal across habitats varying in overstory canopy cover is poorly understood. Avian frugivores are among primary seed dispersers of the fleshy-fruited Lantana. We monitored 45 Lantana shrubs across a gradient of overstory canopy cover to determine the relationship between fruiting intensity and canopy cover. We watched 80 Lantana shrubs (240 h) across a canopy cover gradient to determine 1) differences in frugivore assemblage visiting Lantana across open- and closed-canopy habitats, 2) drivers of frugivore visitation on Lantana, and 3) relationship between seed disperser visitation rate and overstory canopy cover. We found that Lantana shrubs under low overstory canopy cover had higher fruit abundance than those in high canopy cover. Frugivore assemblage differed between Lantana shrubs in open- versus closed-canopy cover habitats. Drivers of frugivore visitation on Lantana varied across different frugivore species with a greater probability of occurrence of bulbuls (the primary seed dispersers of Lantana) on shrubs under low overstory canopy cover. Visitation rates of the effective seed dispersers were higher on shrubs under low overstory canopy cover. Thus, there was greater chances of dispersal of seeds in habitats with low overstory canopy cover. The study demonstrates variable fruiting intensity and fruit removal rate as a driver of differences in dispersal of seeds across habitats. It highlights greater vulnerability of open habitats to invasion and the need to prioritise Lantana management efforts in open habitats. Anthropogenic activities that lead to canopy openings (e.g. tree lopping and logging) likely facilitate Lantana invasion through greater fruit production and seed dispersal.</p>
Fruiting trees provide fruit and insect resources for four tropical deer species
<p>Fruiting trees provide important fruit and seed resources for various animal species, but rarely are they considered to be rich sources of insects as well. During a study of seed dispersal of <em>Trewia nudiflora</em> (Euphorbiaceae) using camera-traps in Nepal, we observed four tropical deer species (<em>Axis axis</em>, <em>Muntiacus vaginalis</em>, <em>Rusa unicolor</em>, <em>Axis porcinus</em>) foraging for insects, rather than fruits under the trees. These herbivorous deer are proven seed dispersers of <em>Trewia</em>, but 8-38% of video captures (across each species) were of insectivory, rather than frugivory. The deer chased and consumed red cotton bugs (<em>Dysdercus</em> sp. family Pyrrhocoridae), which were seed predators that hoarded <em>Trewia</em> seeds. It is likely that other unidentified insect species were also consumed. Tropical deer species are considered to be fully herbivorous, so our observations extend their known diets and possibly indicate a seasonal requirement for protein. These findings also highlight tri-trophic interactions among deer, insects, and fruits that could have important implications for seedling recruitment if seed predators are being consumed by seed dispersers (in addition to fruit consumption).</p>
Data from: Seasonality in the equatorial tropics: Flower, fruit and leaf phenology of montane trees in the highlands of southwest Uganda
<p>Phenology influences many forest functions and can inform forest conservation and management, yet representative phenological data for most common tropical forest tree species remain sparse or absent. Between June 2011 and December 2013, we investigated flowering, fruiting and leafing patterns in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a montane forest located near the equator in Uganda, drawing on 16,410 observations of 530 trees of 54 species located between 2,066 and 2,527 m in elevation. The park's climate is equatorial with two wet and dry seasons each year. Flowering and fruiting were strongly seasonal while patterns in leafing were less pronounced. Flower occurrence peaked at the beginning of the short dry season followed by a pronounced trough during the beginning and the middle of the short wet season. Fruit occurrence had a pronounced peak during high rainfall months in March through April with most fruits ripening during drier months in May through July. Fruit scarcity was observed for a 4-month period spanning September to December and most flushing of leaves noted at the end of the wet season in November and December. Our binomial generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) indicated that flowering and fruiting were negatively associated with temperature and that leafing activity was positively associated with rainfall and temperature. These findings are consistent with the insolation- and water-limitation hypotheses suggesting that the seasonally varying availability of resources such as light, water and nutrients determines these phenological patterns. Ideally, prolonged, multi-year community-level studies would be supported so as to better characterise the influence of climate and of climate variability.</p>
Data for: Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Local</span> <span>adaptation</span> plays a key role in the successful establishment of pest populations in new environments by enabling them to tolerate novel biotic and abiotic conditions experienced outside their native range. However, the <span>genomic underpinnings of such adaptive responses</span> remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. We investigate<span>d</span> <span>population </span>genomic signatures in the tropical/subtropical Queensland fruit fly, <em>Bactrocera tryoni</em>, which has <span>an </span>expanded range <span>encompassing</span> temperate and arid zones in Australia, <span>and</span> tropical <span>zones in the Pacific Islands</span>. Using reduced representation sequencing data from 28 populations, we detected allele frequency shifts associated with the <span>native/invasive </span>status of populations and <span>identified</span> environmental factors that <span>have likely </span>drive<span>n</span> population differentiation. We also determined that precipitation, temperature<span>,</span> and geographic variables explain allelic shifts across the distribution range of <em>B. tryoni</em>. <span>We found</span> spatial heterogeneity in signatures of local adaptation across various climatic conditions in invaded areas. Specifically, disjunct invasive populations in the tropical <span>Pacific Islands</span> and arid zones of Australia <span>were characterised by</span> multiple significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which were associated with genes with well-understood function in environmental stress (e.g., heat and desiccation) response. However, invasive populations in southeast Australian temperate zones show<span>ed</span> higher gene flow with the native range <span>and </span>lacked a strong local <span>adaptive signal</span>. These results suggest that population connectivity with the native range has <span>differentially </span>affect<span>ed</span> <span>local adaptive patterns in different</span> invasive populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of invasion success of an important horticultural pest in climatically distinct environments.</p>
Data from: Fruiting phenology is linked to rainfall variability in a tropical rain forest
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Effects of canopy cover on fruiting intensity and fruit removal of a tropical invasive weed
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A fruit diet rather than invertebrate diet maintains a robust innate immunity in an omnivorous tropical songbird
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Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
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Fruiting trees provide fruit and insect resources for four tropical deer species
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Data for: Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)
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Data from: Seasonality in the equatorial tropics: Flower, fruit and leaf phenology of montane trees in the highlands of southwest Uganda
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Data from: Fruit traits of pioneer trees structure seed dispersal across distances on tropical deforested landscapes: implications for restoration
<ol> <li>Pioneer trees with fleshy fruits are typically planted in restoration projects to attract frugivores as a mean to increase dispersal and accelerate forest regeneration. However, differences in fruit traits of pioneer trees can potentially influence dispersal and their restoration outcomes.</li> <li>Here we investigated the effects of bird and plant traits, and distance to forest fragments, on the seed rain using a tree-planting experiment replicated in 12 deforested sites in Brazil. Factors were fruit traits of pioneer trees (wind-dispersed, bird-dispersed with lipids or with carbohydrates, and controls) and distance (10, 50, 300 m) from forest fragments.</li> <li>We found that density and richness of birds and seeds decreased exponentially with distance from fragments, yet these effects were minor compared to the effects of fruit traits on the structure of the seed rain.</li> <li>Overall, plots with fleshy-fruited pioneers attracted much greater bird activity and seed dispersal than plots with wind-dispersal pioneers and the controls. For instance, plots with carbohydrate-rich fruits received more than twice the average species richness and density of birds and seeds of plots with lipid-rich pioneer trees, surpassing wind-dispersed pioneers by more than 80%, and controls by over 90%. Furthermore, the fruit trait treatments resulted in morphological shifts in the average traits of visiting birds. Significant differences in bill gape and flight capacities (wing-loading) were associated with the differences in the seed rain associated with each treatments.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Understanding how trait-matching processes mediating mutualistic seed dispersal by frugivores interact with distance-dependent dispersal limitation on deforested tropical landscapes is critical for improving forest restoration efforts. This is especially relevant in the context of applied nucleation. As shown here, avian seed dispersal can thus be manipulated in restoration projects in order to increase connectivity and speed up forest recovery and the provision of the multiple ecosystem services that follow forest succession.</li> </ol>
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