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52 results for “whole genome duplication”
The Rhododendron genome and chromosomal organization provide insight into shared whole-genome duplications across the heath family (Ericaceae)
<p>The genus <em>Rhododendron</em> (Ericaceae), which includes horticulturally important plants such as azaleas, is a highly diverse and widely distributed genus of >1,000 species. Here, we report the chromosome-scale de novo assembly and genome annotation of <em>Rhododendron williamsianum</em> as a basis for continued study of this large genus. We created multiple short fragment genomic libraries, which were assembled using ALLPATHS-LG. This was followed by contiguity preserving transposase sequencing (CPT-seq) and fragScaff scaffolding of a large fragment library, which improved the assembly by decreasing the number of scaffolds and increasing scaffold length. Chromosome-scale scaffolding was performed by proximity-guided assembly (LACHESIS) using chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) data. Chromosome-scale scaffolding was further refined and linkage groups defined by restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing of the parents and progeny of a genetic cross. The resulting linkage map confirmed the LACHESIS clustering and ordering of scaffolds onto chromosomes and rectified large-scale inversions. Assessments of the <em>R. williamsianum</em> genome assembly and gene annotation estimate them to be 89% and 79% complete, respectively. Predicted coding sequences from genome annotation were used in syntenic analyses and for generating age distributions of synonymous substitutions/site between paralgous gene pairs, which identified whole-genome duplications (WGDs) in <em>R. williamsianum</em>. We then analyzed other publicly available Ericaceae genomes for shared WGDs. Based on our spatial and temporal analyses of paralogous gene pairs, we find evidence for two shared, ancient WGDs in <em>Rhododendron</em> and <em>Vaccinium</em> (cranberry/blueberry) members that predate the Ericaceae family and, in one case, the Ericales order.</p>
Pioneering polyploids: the impact of whole-genome duplication on biome shifting in New Zealand Coprosma (Rubiaceae) and Veronica (Plantaginaceae)
<p>The role of whole-genome duplication in facilitating shifts into novel biomes remains unknown. Focusing on two diverse woody plant groups in New Zealand, <i>Coprosma </i>(Rubiaceae) and <i>Veronica </i>(Plantaginaceae), we investigate how biome occupancy varies with ploidy level, and test the hypothesis that whole-genome duplication increases the rate of biome shifting.</p> <p>Ploidy levels and biome occupancy (forest, open, and alpine) were determined for indigenous species in both clades. The distribution of low ploidy (<i>Coprosma</i>: 2<i>x</i>, <i>Veronica</i>: 6<i>x</i>) vs high ploidy (<i>Coprosma</i>: 4–10<i>x</i>, <i>Veronica</i>: 12–18<i>x</i>) species across biomes was tested statistically. Estimation of the phylogenetic history of biome occupancy and whole-genome duplication was performed using time-calibrated phylogenies and the R package BioGeoBEARS. Trait-dependent dispersal models were implemented to determine support for an increased rate of biome shifting among high ploidy lineages.</p> <p>We find support for a greater than random portion of high ploidy species occupying multiple biomes. We also find strong support for high ploidy taxa showing a three to eight-fold increase in the rate of biome shifts. These results suggest that whole-genome duplication promotes ecological expansion into new biomes.</p>
Data from: Species tree estimation and the impact of gene loss following whole-genome duplication
<p>Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has been demonstrated to occur broadly and repeatedly in the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, and is recognized as a prominent evolutionary force, especially in plants. Immediately following WGD, most genes are present in two copies as paralogs. Due to this redundancy, one copy of a paralog pair commonly undergoes pseudogenization and is eventually lost. When speciation occurs shortly after WGD, however, differential loss of paralogs may lead to spurious phylogenetic inference resulting from the inclusion of pseudoorthologs – paralogous genes mistakenly identify as orthologs because they are present in single copes within each sampled species. The influence and impact of including pseudoorthologs versus true orthologs as result of gene extinction (or incomplete laboratory sampling) in a phylogenetic context is only recently starting to gain empirical attention. Moreover, few of these studies have yet to investigate this phenomenon in an explicit coalescent framework. Here, using mathematical models, numerous simulated data sets, and two newly assembled empirical data sets, we assess the effect of pseudoorthologs on species tree estimation under varying levels of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and different patterns of gene loss following WGD. When gene loss occurs in the terminal branches of the species tree, the alignment-based (BPP) and gene-tree-based (ASTRAL, MP-EST, and STAR) coalescent methods are adversely affected as the level of ILS increases. This can be greatly improved by sampling a sufficiently large number of genes. Under the same circumstances, however, concatenation methods consistently estimate incorrect species trees as the number of sampled genes increases. Furthermore, pseudoorthologs can mislead species tree inference if gene loss occurs in the internal branches of the species tree, where both coalescent and concatenation methods are prone to produce inconsistent results. However, pseudoorthologs are problematic when filtering only for single-copy genes in phylogenomic data sets. Pruning orthologs or even randomly selecting a copy from multi-copy genes can avoid most of those pseudoorthologs. These results underscore the importance of understanding the influence of pseudoorthologs in the phylogenomics era.</p>
Microscopy images - "An elevated rate of whole-genome duplications associated with carcinogen exposure in Black cancer patients"
<p>This repository contains microscopy data from the manuscript "An elevated rate of whole-genome duplications associated with carcinogen exposure in Black cancer patients" by Leanne M. Brown, Ryan A. Hagenson, Tilen Koklič, Iztok Urbančič, Janez Strancar, and Jason M. Sheltzer (preprint: 10.1101/2023.11.10.23298349; accepted for publication in Nature Communications).</p> <p> </p> <p>Each zip contains the set of images from individual multi-channel multi-position time-lapse experiment with different combinations of cells exposed to one nanomaterial. Files are named as: IMGxxxx_[ExperimentCode]_ROIxx_tile[TileNumber]_[Channel]_[CellType]_t[Timepoint].tif, where each of the varying elements in [..] denotes the following:</p> <ul> <li>[ExperimentCode]: tells which material the cells were exposed to - see decoding table in the file "material-codes.xlsx"</li> <li>[TileNumber]: two xy-tiles per condition</li> <li>[Channel]: cytoplasm of epi cells (LA4), membrane (MEM), cytoplasm of imu cells and tubulin (MHSTUB), nanomaterial (NANO)</li> <li>[CellType]: mono-culture of lung epithelial cells (epi), their coculture with macrophages (epiimu)</li> <li>[Timepoint]: consecutive number of the frame in the time-lapse</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Investigating the effects of whole genome duplication on phenotypic plasticity: Implications for the invasion success of Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
<p>Polyploidy commonly occurs in invasive species and phenotypic plasticity (PP, the ability to alter one's phenotype in different environments), is predicted to be enhanced in polyploids and contribute to their invasive success. However, empirical support that increased PP is frequent in polyploids and/or confers invasive success is limited. Here, we investigated if polyploids are more pre-adapted to become invasive than diploids via the scaling of trait values and PP with ploidy-level, and if post-introduction selection has led to a divergence in trait values and PP responses between native- and non-native cytotypes. We grew diploid, tetraploid (from both native North American and non-native European ranges), and hexaploid <em>Solidago gigantea</em> in pots outside with low, medium, and high soil nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) amendments, and measured traits related to growth, asexual reproduction, physiology, and insects/pathogen resistance. We found little evidence to suggest that polyploidy and post-selection shaped mean trait and PP responses. To examine invasion dynamics, we compared diploids to tetraploids (as their introduction into Europe was more likely), and found that tetraploids had greater pathogen resistance, photosynthetic capacities, and water-use efficiencies and generally performed better under NP enrichments. Furthermore, tetraploids invested more into roots than shoots in low NP and into shoots than roots in high NP and this resource strategy is beneficial under variable NP conditions. Lastly, native-tetraploids exhibited greater plasticity in biomass accumulation, clonal-ramet production and water-use efficiency. Cumulatively, tetraploid <em>S. gigantea</em> possesses traits that might have pre-disposed and enabled them to become successful invaders. Our findings highlight that trait expression and invasive species dynamics are nuance while also providing insight into the invasion success and cyto-geographic patterning of <em>S. gigantea </em>that can be broadly applied to other invasive species with polyploid complexes.</p>
Kinetochore and ionomic adaptation to whole genome duplication
<p>Whole genome duplication (WGD) brings challenges to key processes like meiosis but nevertheless is associated with diversification in all kingdoms. How is WGD tolerated, and what processes commonly evolve to stabilize the new polyploid lineage? Here we study this in <em>Cochlearia</em> spp., which have experienced multiple rounds of WGD in the last 300,000 years. We first generate a chromosome-scale genome and sequence 113 individuals from 33 diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and outgroup populations. We detect the clearest post-WGD selection signatures in functionally interacting kinetochore components and ion transporters. We structurally model these derived selected alleles, associating them with known WGD-relevant functional variation, and compare these results to independent recent post-WGD selection in <em>Arabidopsis</em> <em>arenosa</em> and <em>Cardamine</em> <em>amara</em>. Some of the same biological processes evolve in all three WGDs, but specific genes recruited are flexible. This points to a polygenic basis for modifying systems that control the kinetochore, meiotic crossover number, DNA repair, ion homeostasis, and cell cycle. Given that DNA management (especially repair) is the most salient category with the strongest selection signal, we speculate that the generation rate of structural genomic variants may be altered by WGD in young polyploids, contributing to their occasionally spectacular adaptability observed across kingdoms.</p>
Pioneering polyploids: the impact of whole-genome duplication on biome shifting in New Zealand Coprosma (Rubiaceae) and Veronica (Plantaginaceae)
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Investigating the effects of whole genome duplication on phenotypic plasticity: Implications for the invasion success of Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
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Data from: A high-quality genome assembly of the tetraploid Teucrium chamaedrys unveils a recent whole genome duplication and a large biosynthetic gene cluster for diterpenoid metabolism
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Data from: Revisiting ancient whole-genome duplications in the seed and flowering plants through the lens of dosage-sensitive genes
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Kinetochore and ionomic adaptation to whole genome duplication
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The Rhododendron genome and chromosomal organization provide insight into shared whole-genome duplications across the heath family (Ericaceae)
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Data from: Species tree estimation and the impact of gene loss following whole-genome duplication
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Nucleotide alignments of eight meiosis genes under extreme selection following whole genome duplication in Arabidopsis lyrata/A.arenosa.
<p>In this study we performed a genotype-phenotype association analysis of meiotic stability in 10 autotetraploid <em>Arabidopsis lyrata</em> and <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata/A</em>. <em>arenosa</em> hybrid populations collected from the Wachau region and East Austrian Forealps. The aim was to determine the effect of eight meiosis genes under extreme selection upon adaptation to whole genome duplication. Individual plants were genotyped by high-throughput sequencing of the eight meiosis genes (<em>ASY1</em>, <em>ASY3</em>, <em>PDS5b</em>, <em>PRD3</em>, <em>REC8</em>, <em>SMC3</em>, <em>ZYP1a/b</em>) implicated in synaptonemal complex formation and phenotyped by assessing meiotic metaphase I chromosome configurations. Our results reveal that meiotic stability varied greatly (20–100%) between individual tetraploid plants and associated with segregation of a novel <em>ASYNAPSIS3</em> (<em>ASY3</em>) allele derived from <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata</em>. The <em>ASY3</em> allele that associates with meiotic stability possesses a putative in-frame tandem duplication (TD) of a serine-rich region upstream of the coiled-coil domain that appears to have arisen at sites of DNA microhomology. The frequency of multivalents observed in plants homozygous for the <em>ASY3 TD</em> haplotype was significantly lower than in plants heterozygous for <em>ASY3 TD/ND</em> (non-duplicated) haplotypes. The chiasma distribution was significantly altered in the stable plants compared to the unstable plants with a shift from proximal and interstitial to predominantly distal locations. The number of HEI10 foci at pachytene that mark class I crossovers was significantly reduced in a plant homozygous for <em>ASY3 TD</em> compared to a plant heterozygous for <em>ASY3 ND/TD</em>. Fifty-eight alleles of the 8 meiosis genes were identified from the 10 populations analysed, demonstrating dynamic population variability at these loci. Widespread chimerism between alleles originating from <em>A</em>. <em>lyrata/A</em>. <em>arenosa</em> and diploid/tetraploids indicates that this group of rapidly evolving genes may provide precise adaptive control over meiotic recombination in the tetraploids, the very process that gave rise to them.</p>
Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae
<p>Angiosperms have become the dominant terrestrial plant group by diversifying for ~145 million years into a broad range of environments. During the course of evolution, numerous morphological innovations arose, often preceded by whole genome duplications (WGD). The mustard family (Brassicaceae), a successful angiosperm clade with ~4000 species, has been diversifying into many evolutionary lineages for more than 30 million years. Here we develop a species inventory, analyze morphological variation, and present a maternal, plastome-based genus-level phylogeny. We show that increased morphological disparity, despite an apparent absence of clade-specific morphological innovations, is found in tribes with WGDs or diversification rate shifts. Both are important processes in Brassicaceae, resulting in an overall high net diversification rate. Character states show frequent and independent gain and loss, and form varying combinations. Therefore, Brassicaceae pave the way to concepts of phylogenetic genome-wide association studies to analyze the evolution of morphological form and function.</p>
Alignments from: Gene count from target sequence capture places three whole genome duplication events in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)
<p class="BodyA"><span><b>Background:</b> The great diversity in plant genome size and chromosome number is partly due to polyploidization (i.e., genome doubling events). The differences in genome size and chromosome number among diploid plant species can be a window into the intriguing phenomenon of past genome doubling that may be obscured through time by the process of diploidization. The genus <i>Hibiscus </i>L. (Malvaceae) has a wide diversity of chromosome numbers and a complex genomic history. <i>Hibiscus </i>is ideal for exploring past genomic events because although two ancient genome duplication events have been identified, more are likely to be found due to its diversity of chromosome numbers. To reappraise the history of whole genome duplication events, we tested three alternative scenarios describing different polyploidization events.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Results:</b> Using target sequence capture, we designed a new probe set for <i>Hibiscus </i>and generated 87 orthologous genes from four diploid species. We detected paralogues in >54% putative single-copy genes. 34 of these genes were selected for testing three different genome duplication scenarios using gene counting. All species of <i>Hibiscus</i> sampled shared one genome duplication with <i>H. syriacus</i> and one whole genome duplication occurred along the branch leading to <i>H. syriacus</i>.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span><b>Conclusions:</b> Here, we corroborated the independent genome doubling previously found in the lineage leading to <i>H. syriacus </i>and a shared genome doubling of this lineage and the remainder of <i>Hibiscus</i>. Additionally, we found a previously undiscovered genome duplication shared by the /Pavonia and /Malvaviscus clades (both nested within <i>Hibiscus</i>) with the occurrences of two copies in what were otherwise single-copy genes. Our results highlight the complexity of genomic diversity in some plant groups, which makes orthology assessment and accurate phylogenomic inference difficult.</span></p>
Data from: Whole-genome duplication and host genotype affect rhizosphere microbial communities
<p>The composition of microbial communities found in association with plants is influenced by host phenotype and genotype. Yet, the ways in which specific genetic architectures of host plants shape microbiomes is unknown. Genome duplication events are common in the evolutionary history of plants, influence many important plant traits, and, thus, they may affect associated microbial communities. Using experimentally induced whole genome duplication (WGD), we tested the effect of WGD on rhizosphere bacterial communities in<i> Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize differences between microbiomes associated with specific host genetic backgrounds (Columbia <i>vs</i>. Landsberg) and ploidy levels (diploid <i>vs</i>. tetraploid). We modeled relative abundances of bacterial taxa using the Dirichlet and multinomial distributions via a hierarchical Bayesian approach. We found that host genetic background and ploidy level affected rhizosphere community composition. We then tested to what extent microbiomes derived from a specific genetic background or ploidy level affected plant performance by inoculating sterile seedlings with microbial communities harvested from a prior generation. We found a negative effect of the tetraploid Columbia microbiome on growth of all four plant genetic backgrounds. These findings suggest an interplay between host genetic architecture and bacterial community assembly with potential ramifications for host fitness. Moreover, we uncovered an intriguing role of ploidy-level for shaping plant microbiomes. Given the prevalence of ploidy-level variation in both wild and managed plant populations, the effects on microbiomes of this aspect of host genetic architecture could be a widespread driver of differences in plant microbiomes.</p>
Intercontinental dispersal and whole‐genome duplication contribute to loss of self‐incompatibility in a polyploid complex
Premise of the Study <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>Angiosperm species often shift from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility following population bottlenecks. Across the range of a species, population bottlenecks may result from multiple factors, each of which may affect the geographic distribution and magnitude of mating-system shifts. We describe how intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication facilitate loss of self-incompatibility.</p> Methods <p>Self and outcross pollinations were performed on plants from 24 populations of the <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> polyploid complex. Populations spanned the geographic distribution and three dominant cytotypes of the species (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid).</p> Key Results <p>Loss of self-incompatibility was associated with both intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication. European plants were largely self-incompatible, whereas North American plants were intermediately to fully self-compatible. Within both European and North American populations, loss of self-incompatibility increased as ploidy increased. Ploidy change and intercontinental dispersal both contributed to loss of self-incompatibility in North America, but range expansion did not affect self-incompatibility within Europe or North America.</p> Conclusions <p>When species are subject to population bottlenecks arising through multiple factors, each factor can contribute to self-incompatibility loss. In a widespread polyploid complex, the loss of self-incompatibility can be predicted by the cumulative effects of whole-genome duplication and intercontinental dispersal.</p> </div>
Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex
<div class="article-section__content en main"> Premise Of The Study <p>Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to a species distribution. Among plants, the extrinsic effects of glaciation and intrinsic effects of whole genome duplication are powerful drivers of biogeographical patterns, but the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the roles glaciation and whole-genome duplication have played in the evolution of the widespread polyploid complex <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i>.</p> Methods <p>We assessed the cytotype of 37 populations that spanned the geographic and cytotypic range of the <i>C. rotundifolia</i> complex. We constructed a chloroplast phylogeny for these populations and used RAD-seq to create nuclear phylogenies and networks for a subset of 23 populations; and estimated divergence times of major clades using Bayesian estimation of substitution rates.</p> Key Results <p><i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> originated in south-central Europe and underwent range expansion throughout much of Europe and North America. Multiple genome duplications have occurred in <i>C. rotundifolia</i>—at least two tetraploid and three hexaploid formations.</p> Conclusions <p>Nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies are largely congruent with a history of populations surviving glacial maxima in known Pleistocene refugia in Europe and North America. Divergent European clades are consistent with two disjunct glacial refugia within Europe. North America was colonized by hexaploids derived from Western European lineages. A glacial refugium in Midwestern North America likely facilitated post-glacial recolonization of North America and limited genetic divergence. These results implicate both glaciation and whole-genome duplication as contributing factors to the extant biogeography of <i>C. rotundifolia</i>.</p> </div>
Reproductive complexity, whole genome duplication, and genome size data across vascular plants
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