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APPENDIX 1 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>APPENDIX 1. — Synthetic summary of main characters of the Dipterocarp fossil woods mentioned in the article, as described by the original authors (<b>first name</b>), the authors who redescribed a specimen of the same species or emmended the original diagnosis (<b>second name</b>), or as extracted from another publication (<b>in parenthesis</b>). Features in parenthesis are less commun.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th><b>Vessels</b></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>t.diam. (µm);</b></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>Multiseriate</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>Geologic</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>Growth</b></td><td><b>frequency</b></td><td></td><td><b>Axial</b></td><td></td><td><b>ray height</b></td><td></td><td><b>t.diam.</b></td><td><b>age/</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><td><b>rings</b></td><td><b>(/mm</b> <b>2</b><b>)</b></td><td><b>Fibres</b></td><td><b>parenchyma</b></td><td><b>Rays</b></td><td><b>(µm; cells)</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>(µm)</b></td><td><b>country</b></td><td><b>Authors</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>120-230</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse, diffuse-</td><td>(1-11)7-9 seriate,</td><td>150-1080</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>120-150</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Yadav 1989</td></tr><tr><th><i>oblongoides</i></th><td></td><td>4-5</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>in-aggregate in irregular</td><td>4-8/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-56</td><td>lines, (diffuse)</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>lines, around canals</td><td>1-2+ marginal cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>continuous sheath cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>110-255</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Scanty to vasicentric,diffuse,</td><td>(1-8)5-6 seriate,</td><td>180-1350</td><td>Diffuse, (short</td><td>40-55</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>garoensis</i></th><td></td><td>8-12</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>in short lines,</td><td>5-12/mm, heterocellular</td><td>6-30</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Tripathi 1970</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>1-8 marginal cells, sheath</td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(tylose)</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td>of 2-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>130-230</td><td>Nonseptate, thin-</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate</td><td>(1-6)4-5 seriate,</td><td>212-1190</td><td>Diffuse</td><td>102-130</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prasad,</td></tr><tr><th><i>surmaensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-10</td><td>to-thick walled,</td><td>in thin lines, scanty to</td><td>5-6/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-55</td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Agarwal &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>vasicentric, around canals</td><td>1-3 marginal cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mandaokar</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>continuous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sheath cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>154-300</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse,</td><td>1-7 seriate, heterocellular,</td><td>458-1946</td><td>Diffuse, (short</td><td>98-168</td><td>Mio-Plio/</td><td>Ghosh &</td></tr><tr><th><i>jawalamukhi</i></th><td></td><td>-</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>sheath cells</td><td>15-67</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Ghosh 1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td>around canals</td><td></td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>of 2-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tripathi 1970)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>160-240</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>1-5(6) seriate, often uniseriate, 250-1125</td><td>Short tangential</td><td>40-68</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prakash 1975</td></tr><tr><th><i>sivalicus</i></th><td></td><td>5-7,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>(scanty paratracheal),</td><td>7-14/mm, heterocellular,</td><td>–</td><td>lines of 2-6,</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>sheath cells</td><td></td><td>diffuse</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>80-240,</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>(1-7)3-5 seriate, 6-8/mm,</td><td>120-1600,</td><td>Diffuse/</td><td>40-120</td><td>Pliocene/</td><td>Ghosh & Ghosh</td></tr><tr><th><i>malavii</i></th><td></td><td>mean 190,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>scanty to vasicentric,</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal mean <1000 paired, short</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>1959,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>5-7, solitary, vasicentric</td><td>(aliform), around canals</td><td>cells, (sheath cells)</td><td>10-60</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td></td><td>Guleria 1983</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>lines of 4-5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>–</td><td>Thin-to thick</td><td>Vasicentric, (marginal,</td><td>(1-5)1-3 seriate, heterocellular</td><td>–</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>-</td><td>Tertiary/</td><td>Bancroft 1933</td></tr><tr><th><i>africanum</i></th><td></td><td>(solitary),</td><td>walled?,</td><td>diffuse?) around canals</td><td>1-6 marginal cells,</td><td>8-30</td><td>tangential</td><td>same</td><td>Uganda</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose?</td><td>vasicentric</td><td></td><td>(end-to-end fusion)</td><td></td><td>lines of 2-6</td><td>size as</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>tracheids?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vessels</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>–</td><td>160-322</td><td>Nonseptate, thin</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse to</td><td>1-5(4-5) seriate, 6-8/mm,</td><td><2400</td><td>Short tangential</td><td>80-120</td><td>Plio-Pleisto/ Vozenin-Serra &</td></tr><tr><th><i>sarapeense</i></th><td></td><td>4-7,</td><td>to thick walled,</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>heterocellular 2-7(23)</td><td>up to 80</td><td>lines of 2-7</td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>Privé-Gill</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>marginal cells, sheath cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2001</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(tylose)</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>(end-to-end fusion)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>100-175</td><td>Nonseptate, (very)</td><td>Around canals, scanty</td><td>(1-5)1 seriate,</td><td>-</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>60-75</td><td>Pliocene/</td><td>Schweitzer</td></tr><tr><th><i>gracile</i></th><td></td><td>5-14,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>paratracheal, (diffuse)</td><td>“homogeneous”,</td><td>up to 40</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Java</td><td>1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary</td><td>vasicentric</td><td></td><td>(crystalliferous)</td><td></td><td>lines of 2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>80-260</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, (diffuse),</td><td>(1-6)3-5 seriate,</td><td>200-1260</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>65-80</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Guleria <i>et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>jammuense</i></th><td></td><td>3-9,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>5-9/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-45</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>2002</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>2-12 marginal cells, sheath</td><td></td><td>lines of 2-5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td></td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>60-280</td><td>Fibre/vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric to aliform</td><td>1-4 seriate, heterocellular</td><td><900</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-60</td><td>Tertiary/</td><td>Awasthi 1971</td></tr><tr><th><i>holdeniae</i></th><td></td><td>9-15,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>(aliform-confluent),</td><td>1-5 marginal cells, (sheath</td><td>up to 30</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>cells)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thick-walled</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>t.diam. (µm);</b></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>Multiseriate</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>Geologic</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>Growth</b></td><td><b>frequency</b></td><td></td><td><b>Axial</b></td><td></td><td><b>ray height</b></td><td></td><td><b>t.diam.</b></td><td><b>age/</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><td><b>rings</b></td><td><b>(/mm</b> <b>2</b><b>)</b></td><td><b>Fibres</b></td><td><b>parenchyma</b></td><td><b>Rays</b></td><td><b>(µm; cells)</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>(µm)</b></td><td><b>country</b></td><td><b>Authors</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Distinct</td><td>112-332</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric to aliform,</td><td>1-5 seriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>80-160</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>tipamense</i></th><td>(vessels)</td><td>3-9, tyloses</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>(aliform-confluent, diffuse,</td><td>heterocellular</td><td>3-66</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Awasthi 1970</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate),</td><td>1-12 marginal cells, (sheath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>thin-walled</td><td>banded around canals,</td><td>cells)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>crystalliferous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>45-240</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric, aliform aliform-</td><td>1-6 seriate, 5-9/mm,</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-120</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Awasthi 1974</td></tr><tr><th><i>indicum</i></th><td></td><td>5-10,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>confluent in thin bands,</td><td>heterocellular 1-2 marginal</td><td>up to 60</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>diffuse, in thin bands,</td><td>cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>thick-walled</td><td>banded around canals,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>crystalliferous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>45-165</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Scanty paratracheal or</td><td>(1-4)2-3 seriate, heterocellular</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-60</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Awasthi 1974</td></tr><tr><th><i>arcotense</i></th><td></td><td>15-20,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>vasicentric, banded around 1-6 marginal cells</td><td>12-40</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>/India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>canals</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thin-walled</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-360</td><td>Thin-walled</td><td>Vasicentric, aliform,</td><td>(1-4)1-3 seriate, 4-5/mm,</td><td>80-1400</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-90</td><td>Quaternary/ Du 1988b</td></tr><tr><th><i>sumatraense</i></th><td></td><td>9-14,</td><td></td><td>(confluent in tangential</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal</td><td>4-50</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>Sumatra</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(clusters),</td><td></td><td>bands), diffuse, diffuse-</td><td>cells, (crystalliferous)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td>in-aggregate in short</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>tangential lines, irregularly</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>storied</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-300</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse-in-</td><td>(1-5)5 seriate,</td><td>-</td><td>Long/short</td><td>60-150</td><td>Quaternary/ Schweitzer</td></tr><tr><th><i>posthumi</i></th><td></td><td>mean 250</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>aggregate in tangential</td><td>“homogeneous”, end-to-</td><td>3-45</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Sumatra</td><td>1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>5-10,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>bands, diffuse, around</td><td>end fusion</td><td></td><td>lines, diffuse,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thin-to-thick</td><td>canals,</td><td></td><td></td><td>(double lines)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>walled?</td><td>crystals in enlarged cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-240</td><td>Nonseptate, thin</td><td>Vasicentric, irregularly</td><td>1-4 seriate, 6-10/mm,</td><td>750-1450</td><td>Short/long?</td><td>70-190</td><td>Miocene /</td><td>Sukiman 1977</td></tr><tr><th><i>pachitanensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-10,</td><td>to thick-walled</td><td>banded, around canals</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal</td><td>-</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Java</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>155-230</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-</td><td>(1-5)3-4 seriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>484-1870</td><td>Diffuse, long/</td><td>-</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Bande &</td></tr><tr><th><i>ornatum</i></th><td></td><td>5-9,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>aggregate, vasicentric,</td><td>heterocellular 2-12 marginal -</td><td>short</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Prakash</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>cells, sheath cells</td><td></td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td></td><td>1980,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>lines of 2-3,</td><td></td><td></td><td>Trivedi &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(double or</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ahuja 1979</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>triple rows)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>90-300</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Banded in thin lines,</td><td>(1-7)3-5 seriate, few</td><td><1200</td><td>Long tangential</td><td><140</td><td>Mio-Plio/</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>irrawaddiensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-8, tyloses tracheids,</td><td>vasicentric,</td><td>uniseriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>up to 50</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>Myanmar Bande 1980</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>nonseptate</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>homocellular to weakly</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>heterocellular 1 marginal</th></tr><tr><th>cell</th></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 2. — Correspondences between the MNHN. F in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>TABLE 2. — Correspondences between the MNHN.F specimen numbers cited in the article and the corresponding pages on https://science.mnhn.fr.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen numbers</th><th><b>Corresponding slides and URLs</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>MNHN. F.50171</th><td>MNHN. F.50171.1, 50171.2, 50171.3, 50171.4, 50171.5, 50171.6, 50171.7</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50172</th><td>MNHN. F.50172.1, 50172.2, 50172.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50173</th><td>MNHN. F.50173.1, 50173.2, 50173.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50174</th><td>MNHN. F.50174.1, 50174.2, 50174.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50175</th><td>MNHN. F.50175.1, 50175.2, 50175.3, 50175.4, 50175.5</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50176</th><td>MNHN. F.50176.1, 50176.2, 50176.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50177</th><td>MNHN. F.50177.1, 50177.2, 50177.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50178</th><td>MNHN. F.50178.1, 50178.2, 50178.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50179</th><td>MNHN. F.50179.1, 50179.2, 50179.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50180</th><td>MNHN. F.50180.1, 50180.2, 50180.3, 50180.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50181</th><td>MNHN. F.50181.1, 50181.2, 50181.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50182</th><td>MNHN. F.50182.1, 50182.2, 50182.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50183</th><td>MNHN. F.50183.1, 50183.2, 50183.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50184</th><td>MNHN. F.50184.1, 50184.2, 50184.3, 50184.4, 50184.5, 50184.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50185</th><td>MNHN. F.50185.1, 50185.2, 50185.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50186</th><td>MNHN. F.50186.1, 50186.2, 50186.3, 50186.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50187</th><td>MNHN. F.50187.1, 50187.2, 50187.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50188</th><td>MNHN. F.50188.1, 50188.2, 50188.3, 50188.4, 50188.5, 50188.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50189</th><td>MNHN. F.50189.1, 50189.2, 50189.3, 50189.4, 50189.5, 50189.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50190</th><td>MNHN. F.50190.1, 50190.2, 50190.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50191</th><td>MNHN. F.50191.1, 50191.2, 50191.3, 50191.4, 50191.5, 50191.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50192</th><td>MNHN. F.50192.1, 50192.2, 50192.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50193</th><td>MNHN. F.50193.1, 50193.2, 50193.3, 50193.4, 50193.5, 50193.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50194</th><td>MNHN. F.50194.1, 50194.2, 50194.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50195</th><td>MNHN. F.50195.1, 50195.2, 50195.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50196</th><td>MNHN. F.50196.1, 50196.2, 50196.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50197</th><td>MNHN. F.50197.1, 50197.2, 50197.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50198</th><td>MNHN. F.50198.1, 50198.2, 50198.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50199</th><td>MNHN. F.50199.1, 50199.2, 50199.3, 50199.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50200</th><td>MNHN. F.50200.1, 50200.2, 50200.3, 50200.4, 50200.5</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>TABLE 1. — Distribution of fossil taxa for the Natma Formation among extant tropical forests of the Indo-Burman region, according to their Nearest Living Relatives. Only the most convincing NLR have been taken into consideration. Symbols and abbreviations: ●, main environment; ○, alternative environment; <b>1</b>, Tidal and coastal forests; <b>2</b>, Moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; <b>3</b>, Deciduous and seasonal forests; <b>4</b>, Dry forests and savanna woodlands. The specimen of <i>Cupressinoxylon</i> is not used here, as not diagnostic of any particular environment.The specimen indet sp. 1 is shown as an indication of possible relative modern ecosystem because the possible related taxa are mostly found in ecosystems in adequacy with our other specimens.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Fossil species</b></th><th><b>NLR</b></th><th><b>Modern ecosystems</b></th><th><b>1</b></th><th><b>2</b></th><th><b>3</b></th><th><b>4</b></th><th><b>Forest type</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon holdeniae</i></th><td><i>Cynometra ramiflora</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium</i></th><td><i>Cynometra inaequifolia</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>Coastal forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Intsia bijuga</i></td><td>Coastal areas, along tidal rivers or at the dry back of mangroves. Also wet evergreen forest</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>associated with Anisoptera. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>indet sp. 1</th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i> / <i>Prioria</i></td><td>Wet evergreen forests, coastal forests, flooded and riparian forests, also in semi-evergeen</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forest or savannahs. In lowlands.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Dryobalanops aromatica</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, in coastal areas in sandy or gravelly soils. Also in wetter</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>soils. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>cf. Koompassioxylon</th><td><i>Koompassia</i> / <i>Kalappia</i> / <i>Martiodendron</i></td><td>Mostly rainforest. Also in coastal forest, riparian forests or swamps. Rarely in savannas or dry</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Koompassioxylon elegans</i></th><td><i>Koompassia malaccensis</i></td><td>Mostly freshwater peat-swamps. Also dry lands. Up to 150 m (800 m in elevated areas)</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Burseroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Canarium bengalense</i> / <i>Protium serratum</i></td><td>Wet evergreen and moist dipterocarp forests, mostly along rivers. Also in deciduous forests</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsonnal area. Up to 1300 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Anisoptera costata</i> / <i>Anisoptera scaphula</i></td><td>Moist (not everwet) evergreen and semi- evergreen dipterocarp forests, along rivers,</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>in seasonal forest and foothills. Up to 700 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i> cf. <i>jammuense</i></th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergeen tropical forest, mixed dipterocarps forests. Also in seasonal forests.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>Wet evergreen forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>In lowland (rarely up to 1400 m).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> cf. <i>javanense</i></th><td><i>Dryobalanops keithii</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Near water (periodically inundated, streams, poorly-drained soils...), in mixed dipterocarps</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>sumatraense</i></th><td><i>Shorea negrosensis</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergreen and seasonal dipterocarp forests. In lowlands.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>deomaliense</i></th><td><i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp forests. On undulated lands and well-drained soils. Up to 700-1000 m.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis</i></th><td><i>Artocarpus lamellosus</i> / <i>Artocarpus chama</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp evergreen forests, but also in semi-deciduous forests, moist deciduous</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsoonal area. Up to 1500-1800 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 2</th><td><i>Shorea balangeran</i> / <i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>From well-drained soils to peat-swamp forests. Also in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and hillsides. Up to 100(-1000)m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Albizinium eolebbekianum</i></th><td><i>Albizia lebbeck</i> / <i>Albizia ferruginea</i></td><td>Wooded savannas, dry forests borders, semi- decidous. Also rainforests, riparian or</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>periodically inundeted ofrests. Up to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon</i> cf. <i>bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Afzelia africana</i> / <i>A. javanica</i></td><td>Both present in humid evergreen and dry deciduous forests. Frequent in savannas. Up</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>Seasonal and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dry forests</td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 1</th><td><i>Shorea parvifolia</i> /</td><td>Deciduous dry dipterocarp forests and under</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Shorea obtusa</i></td><td>marked seasonal monsoon climates. Sometimes in moister forests or savannas.</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Up to 1000 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: The European Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic implications
Plesiadapiforms represent the first radiation of Primates, appearing near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Eleven families of plesiadapiforms are recognized, including the Paromomyidae. Four species of paromomyids from the early Eocene have been reported from Europe: Arcius fuscus, Arcius lapparenti, and Arcius rougieri from France, and Arcius zbyszewskii from Portugal. Other Arcius specimens from the early Eocene are known from Masia de l'Hereuet (Spain), Abbey Wood (England), and Sotteville-sur-Mer (Normandy, France). A cladistic analysis of the European paromomyids has never previously been published. A total of 53 dental characters were analyzed for the four Arcius species and the specimens from Spain, England, and Normandy. The results of a parsimony analysis using TNT agree with previous conceptions of A. zbyszewskii as the most primitive member of the genus. Also consistent with existing hypotheses, Arcius rougieri is positioned as the sister taxon of A. fuscus and A. lapparenti, and the results suggest that the fossil from Normandy is A. zbyszewskii. However, the English fossil pertains to a primitive lineage, rather than grouping with A. lapparenti as had been suggested; as such it is recognized here as a distinct species (Arcius hookeri). The Spanish fossils cluster together with the French species, but do not show the previously proposed special relationship with A. lapparenti, and are sufficiently distinct to be placed in a new species (Arcius ilerdensis). Arcius is recovered as monophyletic, which is consistent with a single migration event from North America to Europe around the earliest Eocene though the Greenland land bridge.
Data from: Intraspecific variation and symmetry of the inner-ear labyrinth in a population of wild turkeys: implications for paleontological reconstructions
The cochlea and semicircular canals of the inner ear are vital neurosensory devices. There are associations between the anatomy of these sensorineural structures, their function, and the function of related biological systems, e.g., hearing ability, gaze stabilization, locomotor agility, and posture. The endosseous labyrinth is frequently used as a proxy to infer the performance of the hearing and vestibular systems, locomotor abilities, and ecology of extinct species. Such fossil inferences are often based on single specimens or even a single ear, representing an entire species. To address whether a single ear is representative of a population, we used geometric morphometrics to quantitatively assess the variation in shape and symmetry in a sample of endosseous labyrinths of wild turkeys Meleagris gallopavo of southern Ohio. We predicted that ears would be symmetrical both within individuals and across the sample; that labyrinth shape and size would covary; that labyrinth shape would vary with the size of the brain, measured as width of the endocranium at the cerebellum; and that labyrinths would be morphologically integrated. To test these predictions, we microCT-scanned the heads of 26 cadaveric turkeys, digitally segmented their endosseous labyrinths in Avizo, and assigned 15 manual landmarks and 20 sliding semilandmarks to each digital model. Following Procrustes alignment, we conducted an analysis of bilateral symmetry, a Procrustes regression analysis for allometry and other covariates including side and replicate, and analyses of global integration and modularity. Based on Procrustes distances, no individual's left and right ears were clearly different from each other. When comparing the ears of different specimens, statistically clear differences in shape were found in only 66 of more than 1300 contrasts. Moreover, effects of both directional and fluctuating asymmetry were very small—generally, two orders of magnitude smaller than the variance explained by individual variation. Statistical tests disagreed on whether these asymmetric effects crossed the threshold of significance, possibly due to non-isotropic variation among landmarks. Regardless, labyrinths appeared to primarily vary in shape symmetrically. Neither labyrinth size nor endocranial width was correlated with labyrinth shape, contrary to our expectations. Finally, labyrinths were found to be moderately integrated in a global sense, but four weakly separated modules—the three semicircular canals and cochlea—were recovered using a maximum-likelihood analysis. The results show that both fluctuating and directional asymmetry play a larger role in shape variation than expected—but nonetheless, endosseous labyrinths are symmetrical within individuals and at the level of the population, and their shape varies symmetrically. Thus, inferences about populations, and very possibly species, may be confidently made when only a single specimen, or even a single ear, is available for study.
Data from: Resolving a phylogenetic hypothesis for parrots: implications from systematics to conservation
Advances in sequencing technology and phylogenetics have revolutionised avian biology by providing an evolutionary framework for studying natural groupings. In the parrots (Psittaciformes), DNA-based studies have led to a reclassification of clades, yet substantial gaps remain in the data gleaned from genetic information. Here we provide an overview of published genetic data of parrots, characterise sampling depth across the phylogeny, and evaluate support for existing systematic treatments. We inferred a concatenated tree with 307 species from a 30-gene supermatrix. We recovered well-supported relationships among recently proposed clades. Taxonomic groups were more stable towards the base of the tree and increased sampling will be required to clarify relationships at the tips, particularly below the generic level. Only a third of species have been sampled intraspecifically in population genetic or phylogeographic surveys. Intraspecific sampling has not been geographically or phylogenetically even across Psittaciformes, especially poor in the cockatoos, Southeast Asia, and parts of Australo-Papua. Threatened species are poorly sampled in the Neotropics. We highlight where effort should be focused to improve sampling based on geography and conservation status. In sum, phylogenetic relationships among the major parrot clades are robust, but relationships within and between genera and species provide opportunities for future investigations.
Figs. 2, 3. Parabuthus muelleri Prendini, 2000 in Discovery of the Male of Parabuthus muelleri, and Implications for the Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figs. 2, 3. Parabuthus muelleri Prendini, 2000, male (AMNH [AH 3991]), habitus. 2. Dorsal aspect.
Population structure of giant clams (sub-family: Tridacninae) across Palau: implications for conservation
<p>Giant clams (Sub-family: Tridacninae) are an important food and economic resource for the Republic of Palau. Previous surveys of giant clams conducted over 20 years ago found diverse, localized populations across Helen Reef and the Rock Islands Southern Lagoon. This study updates population structure data for Palauan giant clams and investigates the impacts of conservation on these important bivalves. We surveyed eleven sites within fringing, barrier, atoll, and oceanic reefs across the Palauan archipelago (total area = 1650m<sup>2</sup>). A total of 831 clams were measured across seven species (<i>Tridacna crocea, T. maxima, T. noae, T. squamosa, T. derasa, T. gigas, </i>and <i>Hippopus hippopus</i>). In addition, this is the first documented case of <i>T. noae</i> in Palau. Our measurements show that giant clams in Palau are among the most abundant and densely distributed compared to other Indo-Pacific reefs. <i>T. crocea </i>exhibited the highest abundance (521 individuals) and density (20.0 ± 2.9 per 50m<sup>2</sup>) of all species in this survey. However, high demand from local and international markets may have resulted in low average shell lengths and reduced abundances of adult clams within the most abundant species: <i>T. crocea, T. maxima, </i>and <i>T. squamosa</i>. Despite these harvesting pressures, Palau's incorporation of bottom-up traditional and modern conservation initiatives has positively impacted <i>T. crocea</i>, the most targeted species by local fishers. Within the Ngermedellim Marine Sanctuary, <i>T. crocea </i>exhibit high abundances of recruits and adults, suggesting that protection from fishing has increased replenishment rates and reduced mortality within this conservation area. As these bivalves continue to be exploited, we suggest that continued protection of and the implementation of size-limits will enable giant clams to remain abundant and diverse in Palau.</p>
Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes – implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
<p>1. In many agricultural landscapes, it is important to restore networks of forests to provide habitat and stepping stones for forest specialist taxa. More knowledge is, however, needed on how to facilitate the immigration of such taxa in restored forest patches. Here, we present the first chronosequence study to quantify the dynamics of immigration credits of forest specialist plants in post-arable forest patches.</p> <p>2. We studied the distribution of herbaceous forest specialist plant species in 54 post-arable broadleaved forest patches along gradients of age (20-140 years since forest establishment), distance from ancient forest (0-2600 m) and patch area (0.5-9.6 ha). With Linear Mixed Models we estimated the effects of these factors on species richness, patch means of four dispersal-related plant traits and with Generalized Linear Models on the occurrence of 20 individual species.</p> <p>3. Post-arable forest patch age and spatial isolation from ancient forest, but not patch size, were important predictors for species richness of forest specialists, suggesting that also small patches are valuable for habitat connectivity. Compared to species richness in ancient forest stands, the immigration credit was reduced by more than 90% after 80 years in post-arable forest patches contiguous to ancient forest compared to 40% after 80 years and 60% after 140 years in isolated patches (at least 100 m to next forest). Tall-growing species with adaptations to long-distance dispersal were faster colonizers while species with heavy diaspores and clonal growth were slower to colonize.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: We show that post-arable oak plantations have a high potential for restoration of forest herb vegetation. Dispersal-related plant traits play a key role in explaining interspecific differences among forest specialists. To facilitate forest herb immigration across all functional groups in agricultural landscapes, we suggest to create clusters of relatively small new forest patches nearby older forest with source populations.</p>
Inverse modelling of carbonyl sulfide: implementation, evaluation and implications for the global budget
<p>The dataset is the boundary conditions of TM5-4DVAR inversions for COS tracer in years 2016-2019. The dataset is companion with publication: </p> <p>Ma, J., Kooijmans, L. M. J., Cho, A., Montzka, S. A., Glatthor, N., Worden, J. R., Kuai, L., Atlas, E. L., and Krol, M. C.: Inverse modelling of carbonyl sulfide: implementation, evaluation and implications for the global budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3507–3529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3507-2021, 2021.</p>
Field Data associated with study: Investigating the water movements around a shallow shipwreck in Big Tub Harbour of Lake Huron: implications for managing underwater shipwrecks.
<p>Field data (Water temperature, pressure, currents, summary of boat presence data) used in analysis of the study (and paper with the same name) titled: Investigating the water movements around a shallow shipwreck in Big Tub Harbour of Lake Huron: implications for managing underwater shipwrecks.</p>
Climate-driven dietary change on the Colorado Plateau, USA and implications for gender-specific foraging patterns
<p>Complementary archaeological and paleoenvironmental datasets from North Creek Shelter (Colorado Plateau, Utah, USA) are analyzed using the diet breadth model, revealing human dietary patterns during the early and middle Holocene. Abundance indices are derived from botanical and faunal datasets and along with stone tools, are used to test the prediction that increasing aridity caused the decline of high-return resources. This prediction appears valid with respect to botanical resources, as high-ranked plants drop out of the diet after 9800 cal BP and replaced with low-ranked, small seeds. The prediction is not met, however, with respect to faunal resources: high-ranked artiodactyls are consistently abundant in the diet. The effects of climate change on dietary choices are also examined, finding that increased aridity coincides with greater use of small seeds and ground stone tools, but not with increases in low-ranked fauna, such as leporids. The patterns observed from the North Creek Shelter botanical and faunal datasets may reflect different foraging strategies between men and women, thus accounting for the discrepancy that low-ranked plant resources became increasingly abundant in the diet without a corresponding decrease in abundance of high-ranked artiodactyls. If so, then archaeological records with similar datasets should be re-examined with this perspective.</p>
FIG. 1 in Habitat preferences of Papilio alexanor Esper, [1800]: implications for habitat management in the Italian Maritime Alps
FIG. 1. — Papilio alexanor Esper,[1800].Photograph:Davide Piccoli.
Progressive failure analysis of slip zone soils with strain-softening behavior and implications for landslide triggering mechanisms
<p>All figure for paper entitled “Progressive failure analysis of slip zone soils with strain-softening behavior and implications for landslide triggering mechanisms”</p>
Fig. 4 in A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Fig. 4. — Plot of principal components one and two for Hedera species with stellate trichomes.
Fig. 1. — A in A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Fig. 1. — A juvenile Hedera leaf.
Fig. 5 in A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Fig. 5. — Plot of principal components one and two for Hedera species with scale trichomes.
Fig. 3 in A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Fig. 3. — Plot of principal components one and two for all Hedera species.
Fig. 2 in A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Fig. 2. — UPGMA cluster dendrogram of Hedera based on 30 morphological characters.
FIG. 15. – Traces d in Les objets de parure associés au dépôt funéraire mésolithique de Grosse Ofnet: implications pour la compréhension de l'organisation sociale des dernières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe
FIG. 15. – Traces d'usure à la surface des C. rustica. Echelle 1 mm
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.