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FIG. 3. A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. A. Power margin in four models of Sapeornis STM 15-15. B. Glide polar graph in 4 models of STM 15-15 compared to modern soaring birds.
FIG. 4. A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. A. LSF image of hand and feathers of STM 15-15. B. Effect of alula delaying stall, and wing silhouettes of an avian (crown bird) and Sapeornis.
FIG. 1 Early pygostylian Sapeornis STM 15-15 shows faint soft-tissue details that A in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1 Early pygostylian Sapeornis STM 15-15 shows faint soft-tissue details that A, under white light are vivid and B, under LSF, extensive.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Minimum glide speed (= stall speed) at CL = 1.5 for Microraptor specimens compared with those for anchiornithine specimens. Red bars represent masses from femoral length estimates, blue from femoral circumference. Note the higher average score, especially at comparable size classes for anchiornithines. Illustration used with the permission of Scott Hartman.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Example of a bivariate scaling equation for femur length (D.J. Field, unpublished data) illustrating virtually invariant scaling equations for flying (blue) and flightless (pink) extant bird taxa. Datasets such as this will be useful for estimating live body mass for extinct avialans with unknown flying potential.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Mandible of early-diverging pennaraptorans. A. Epidexipteryx. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V15471, modified from Zhang et al. (2008). B. Incisivosaurus. Qualitative reconstruction of IVPP V13326, modified from Xu et al. (2002). C. Chirostenotes. Qualitative reconstruction of TMP 2001.12.12, modified from Funston and Currie (2014). D. Citipati. Qualitative reconstruction of IGM 100/978, modified from Clark et al. (2002). E. Gigantoraptor. Qualitative reconstruction of LH V0011, modified from Ma et al. (2017). Scale is 1 cm in A–D; 10 cm in E.
FIG 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG 1. Log axis scatterplots of body mass, pectoral muscle mass, and wing area for extant and Mesozoic birds and nonavialan theropods. The asterisk indicates the range where chukar chicks fledge.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Schematic drawing showing tooth developmental and replacement processes of archosaurs (modified from Richman and Handrigan, 2011; and Wu et al., 2013). Not to scale.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Macroevolution and microevolution of avian beak from toothed ancestor's snout. The avian beak is inferred to have evolved from the snout of toothed nonavian dinosaurian ancestors through alterations to the signaling pathways involving bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and other molecules. BMP, ALX homeobox protein 1 (ALX1), calcium-modulated protein (CALM) and high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) are all important molecules that regulate the diversity of beak shapes. Not to scale.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Logistic fits of "type" against size (Χ2 = 2607.614, p <0.0001) and shape (Χ2 = 56.070, p <0.0001) both statistically significant. Size (R2 = 0.2730) compared with shape (R2 = 0.0059) is more important in classification of the collected data into modern melanosomes, fossil microbodies, and decay-associated microbodies.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. The influence of body size on estimates of crown bird and neoavian clade ages from strict clock analyses (modified from Berv and Field, 2018). A, Results of body size partitioning on estimates of the age of the crown bird MRCA. The "heavy" body size partition (blue) yields a mean crown bird MRCA estimate ~17 million years younger than the "medium" body size partition, and ~38 million years younger than the "light" body size partition (pink). B, Results of body size partitioning on estimates of the age of the neoavian MRCA. "Heavy" body size partition yielded a neoavian MRCA estimate of ~46 Ma (blue), "medium" body size partition ~63 Ma (grey), "light" body size partition ~68 Ma (pink). Dashed red line corresponds to the K–Pg boundary.
FIG. 8 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 8. Europe as a dispersal center and geographical gateway, especially during the Early Cretaceous. The green arrowed lines denote possible dispersal directions and approximate dispersal routes; Solid lines denote paleogeography at 135 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 1. Schematic phylogeny and approximate divergence times of the major crownward stem bird lineages (blue) and the deepest extant clades within crown birds (green). Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of crown birds indicated by green node. Dashed lines indicate extant lineages whose time-scaled branch lengths are debated. Divergence times illustrated for crown birds roughly follow those of Prum et al. (2015), and those of stem birds follow (Longrich et al., 2011). Stem bird phylogeny and scale modified from Field et al. (2018a), with stem bird topology following (Field et al., 2018b). K-Pg boundary indicated by dashed red line and asteroid at ~66 Ma.
FIG. 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3: Analytical influence of soft maximum prior selection on the avian evolutionary timescale (modified from Berv and Field, 2018). Colored boxes represent the major crown bird subclades and correspond to the color scheme from figure 1. Underlying black phylogeny represents the preferred time tree from Prum et al. (2015), applying a soft maximum age of 86.5 Ma for the crown bird MRCA. Red arrows illustrate shifts in estimated clade ages induced by removing this soft maximum prior, with other analytical parameters kept the same. The most severe branch length extensions occur on the deepest lineages of the tree (the lineages most likely to have crossed the K-Pg boundary). However, an important caveat is that the Paleogene calibrations in this analysis have soft maxima informed directly by the K-Pg boundary itself. K-Pg boundary denoted by red line and asteroid; age of the fossil avialan-rich Niobrara Formation "Niobrara Prior" indicated by blue dashed line. Ichthyornis reconstruction modified from Marsh (1880).
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Illustration (opposite page and above) of conflict between "extant only" biogeographic reconstructions for crown birds, and the crown bird fossil record (modified from Field and Hsiang, 2018). A, Extant-only reconstructions infer a Gondwanan origin of crown birds with strong probability, whereas B, identical analyses incorporating the earliest fossil stem group representatives infer a markedly less robustly supported result.
FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3, late Early Cretaceous Europe-Africa faunal exchange via the Apulian route. The green arrowed lines denote the approximate dispersal directions and dispersal routes; Solid lines denote paleogeography at 135 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2: Hypothesis 2, South America-Africa vicariance event during the late Early Cretaceous. The separation between South America and Africa was established in the Albian Stage. The red line denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier: the south Atlantic Ocean (sAO); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 150 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 110 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; sAO, south Atlantic Ocean; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.
FIG. 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 5. Distribution of missing data in terminal taxa of the TWiG dataset (Pei et al., in press) through geological time. Each point represents a terminal taxon, vertical axis represents percentage of missing data in the matrix, and horizontal axis represents age of the terminal taxon (in millions of years). The graph represents all terminal taxa (gray circles), taxa identified as unstable within each pseudoreplicate (green triangles), taxa identified as unstable among the strict consensuses of pseudoreplicates (blue squares), and subset of taxa identified as unstable by the prupdn command (solid red circles).
FIG. 4 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 4. Absolute frequency jackknife tree for the dataset of Pei et al. (in press) obtained by the script pcrjak. run, ignoring the alternative positions of 35 taxa detected as unstable in the support analysis that decrease jackknife values.
FIG. 2 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers
FIG. 2. Absolute frequency jackknife tree for the dataset of Pei et al. (in press) including all taxa as obtained in TNT.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.