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Fig. 4 in Large lungworms (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) recovered from the European bison may represent a new nematode subspecies

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of Dictyocaulus spp. based on cox1, cytB and nad5 partial sequences, constructed with the use of Bayesian inference (BI) analysis using MrBayes version 3.2. The GTR + G (cox1, cytB) and GTR + I (nad5) model was chosen based on jModelTest version 2.1.4 using Akaike Information Criterion. The analysis was run for 2,000,000 generations, with 500,000 generations discarded as 'burn-in'. Hosts (for Dictyocaulus viviparus) and Gen- Bank accession numbers of origin are shown. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Sequence from Angiostrongylus cantoniensis (AP017672.1) was used as an outgroup.

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Fig. 1 in Large lungworms (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) recovered from the European bison may represent a new nematode subspecies

Fig. 1. Dictyocaulus viviparus of European bison, anterior end. (A) Male, anterior end in optical section, showing head, cephalic vesicle (cv), esophagus, nerve ring (nr), lateral view. (B) Female, anterior end in optical section, showing buccal capsule (bc), buccal capsule wall (bcw), cephalic vesicle (cv), nerve ring (nr), and excretory pore (ep), lateral view. (C) Cephalic region, scanning electron microscopy, showing two lateral amphids (LA) and four submedian papillae (SCP).

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Fig. 3 in Large lungworms (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) recovered from the European bison may represent a new nematode subspecies

Fig. 3. Dictyocaulus viviparus of European bison, male genital system, light microscopy. (A) Bursa, dorsal view. (B) Bursa, left lateral view, showing gubernaculum (gub), and left spicula (spi). (C) Spiculae, dorsal view.

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Fig. 2. The PCR products identified within the 18S in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 2. The PCR products identified within the 18S rRNA of Eimeria bovis following digestion with two restriction endonucleases: AluI recognising AG∧CT and Hin1II recognising CATG∧. M1: GeneRuler 100 bp Plus DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific); M2: GeneRuler 50bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific); lane 1: European bison colon wall tissue; lane 2: European bison colon wall tissue after digestion; lane 3: E. bovis oocysts of European bison; lane 4: E. bovis oocysts of European bison after digestion.

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Fig. 3 in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 3. The virtual double digestion of the 18S rRNA gene of eimerians infecting the large intestine of the European bison with the restriction enzymes Mval (BstNI) recognising CC∧WGG, and KpnI recognising GGTAC∧C, simulated with SnapGene version 5.0.6 (GSL Biotech LLC); M: GeneRuler 50 bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific). (A) A three-band pattern for E. bovis (20 bp, 210 bp, 343 bp). (B) A four-band pattern for E, zuernii (20 bp, 100 bp, 210 bp, 242 bp). (C) A two-band pattern for E. alabamensis (212 bp, 362 bp).

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Fig. 1 in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 1. Histopathological lesions associated with endogenous stages of Eimeria spp. in sections of the ileum and colon of European bison (H-E staining). (A) Shortening and blunting of the intestinal villi of the ileum with diffuse infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells within the lamina propria, edematous stroma, dilated crypt containing necrotic debris (arrow), and atrophy of submucosal lymphoid follicles (× 20 magnification). (B) Schizonts and degenerating merozoites in the crypt lumen of the colon (arrows); immature macrogamont with a central nucleus (arrowhead) (× 1000 magnification). (C) Immature microgamonts in the epithelial cells of the colon crypt (arrows) (× 400 magnification). (D) Mature microgamont in the epithelial cells of the colon crypt (arrow) (× 1000 magnification). (E) Gametogonic stages of Eimeria development in the epithelial cells of the colon. Microgamont with peripheral microgames (arrowhead), (a) nearly mature microgamonts, (b) macrogamont with eosinophilic wall-forming bodies, (c) early oocyst (× 400 magnification). (F) Mature macrogamont in the epithelial cells of the cecum (arrow) (× 1000 magnification).

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Fig. 1 in Sarcocystis cruzi infection in free-living European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.) from the Białowieza˙Forest, Poland - A molecular analysis based on the cox1 gene

Fig. 1. Overview of consistent nucleotide differences between two cox1 gene sequences of S. cruzi MW490605 and MW490606. Numbers above and below the sequences refer to nucleotide positions in the two GenBank sequences used in the comparison. Positions where the two sequences were identical are signified with Dots (.).

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Fig. 2 in Sarcocystis cruzi infection in free-living European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.) from the Białowieza˙Forest, Poland - A molecular analysis based on the cox1 gene

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree for selected Sarcocystis cruzi isolates and selected members of Sarcocystis species found in Bovidae based on partial sequences of cox1 using the maximum parsimony method. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. GenBank accession numbers are listed next to the taxon names. The country of origin of S. cruzi isolates are listed in brackets.

Fig. 5 in Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy

Fig. 5. The average sum of FECs counts by year, demonstrating and increasing trend in FECs between 2015 and 2019. Black horizontal lines denote median values, while the top and bottom of boxes denote the upper and lower interquartile ranges (75th and 25th percentiles). Extending "whiskers" denote values of 1.5 times the interquartile range; points outside of this range constitute outliers.

Fig. 4 in Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy

Fig. 4. The sum of FECs counted per gram of individual bison, demonstrating variation FECs between and among individuals. Black horizontal lines denote median values, while the top and bottom of boxes denote the upper and lower interquartile ranges (75th and 25th percentiles). Extending "whiskers" denote values of 1.5 times the interquartile range; points outside of this range constitute outliers.

Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy

Fig. 3. The sum of FECs types, including "STRONGs" (Strongyle-type), "COCCs" (Coccidia), "NEMAs" (Nematodirus), "TRICHs" (Trichuris), "MONs" (Moniezia) counted per gram of sample from bison of various age classes. Ages classes included "NC" (New Calf; 0–1), "YR" (Yearling; 1–2), "JA" (Juvenile to Adult Transition; 2–4), "YA" (Young Adult; 4–6), "PA" (Peak Adult; 6–9), "MA" (Mature Adult; 9+). Black horizontal lines denote median values, while the top and bottom of boxes denote the upper and lower interquartile ranges (75th and 25th percentiles). Extending "whiskers" denote values of 1.5 times the interquartile range; points outside of this range constitute outliers.

Fig. 2 in Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy

Fig. 2. The sum of FECs counted per gram of sample from bison of various age classes, including "NC" (New Calf; 0–1), "YR" (Yearling; 1–2), "JA" (Juvenile to Adult Transition; 2–4), "YA" (Young Adult; 4–6), "PA" (Peak Adult; 6–9), "MA" (Mature Adult; 9+). Black horizontal lines denote median values, while the top and bottom of boxes denote the upper and lower interquartile ranges (75th and 25th percentiles). Extending "whiskers" denote values of 1.5 times the interquartile range; points outside of this range constitute outliers.

Fig. 1 in Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison (Bison bison bison) herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy

Fig. 1. Aerial image of the Crane Trust bison pastures. The smaller North metapopulation was continuously grazed in the Visitor Center ("VC" – 50 acres) pasture (outlined in pink). The larger South metapopulation was rotated through Ruge-South Brown ("RS" – 387 acres) pasture (outlined in orange), Calving-Office ("CO" – 267 acres) pasture (outlined in yellow), and North Meadow ("NM" – 177 acres) pasture (outlined in green). The North (orange) and South (pink) metapopulation pastures were separated by a minimum distance of 200 m, including an 80 m channel of the Platte River. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2 in Endoparasite loads and the efficacy of conventional anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in captive European bison

Fig. 2. Mean (±SE) number of Eimeria species in European bison without ungulate neighbors (N0) and kept near other ungulates (YES) for seasons, calculated in a generalized linear model. Differences were statistically significant in the pairwise comparison for autumn and winter (p values shown above the bars).

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Fig. 1 in Endoparasite loads and the efficacy of conventional anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in captive European bison

Fig. 1. Location of coproscopically examined European bison enclosures and other ungulate species in the vicinity of these enclosures in Poland.

Fig. 4. Calf found dead and mummified under a in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 4. Calf found dead and mummified under a Norway spruce in the fenced area. Hind legs, fore legs, ribs and frontal horns are noted protruding from the skin covering.

Fig. 2 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 2. Nematode larvae (live, total length 700 μm) hatched from larval cultures of European bison faeces, sampled March 2022. A. Intestinal cells clearly seen, short tail sheath extension. B. Larva with longer tail sheath extension.

Fig. 1 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 1. Gastrointestinal nematode egg types (others than trichurids) recovered from faeces by flotation and enumerated by McMaster-method. A) Nematodirus, B) Ostertagia, C) Cooperia, and D) Trichostrongylus.

Fig. 3 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 3. Lungworms, Dictyocaulus viviparus recovered from the bronchi of a young bull of Bison bonasus found dead January 2017. A. Macroscopic appearance. B. Light microscopy LM of female worm (anterior). C. Light microscopy LM of female worm (caudal part). D. Male worm caudal part. E. Uterus with eggs in female lungworm. F. Embryonating eggs in female lungworm uterus.

Fig. 3 in Opening a can of lungworms: Molecular characterization of Dictyocaulus (Nematoda: Dictyocaulidae) infecting North American bison (Bison bison)

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood analysis of cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (cox1) sequence data of Dictyocaulus spp. Analysis was run with TN93 + G as best nucleotide substitution model and 1,000 bootstraps. Angiostrongylus vasorum = outgroup.