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FIGURE 1 in The larvae of two species of Bokermannohyla (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini) endemic to the highlands of central Brazil

FIGURE 1. Tadpoles of Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (top, UFMG 1972) and B. sapiranga (bottom, UFMG 2287), at Stage 25: (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, and (C) ventral views. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in The larvae of two species of Bokermannohyla (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini) endemic to the highlands of central Brazil

FIGURE 4. Oral cavities of Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (top) and B. sapiranga (bottom) at Stage 25. Stereomicroscope images of buccal roof (A) and buccal floor (B) of B. pseudopseudis (UFMG 1972) and B. sapiranga (UFMG 2037). SEM micrographs of roof (1), anterior portion of roof (2), floor (3), and anterior portion of floor (4), of B. pseudopseudis (UFMG 1972) and B. sapiranga (UFMG 2287). Abbreviations: amv = anteromedial vacuity of internal nares, bfap1 = anterior row of buccal floor arena papillae, bfap2 = posterior row of buccal floor arena papillae, bp = buccal pocket, dv = dorsal velum, gl = glottis, ilp1 = major pair of infralabial papillae, ilp2 = posterior pair of infralabial papillae, lpa = lingual papillae, lrip = lateral ridge papilla, lrop = lateral roof papillae, mr = median ridge, nvp = narial valve projection, prnp = prenarial arena papillae, ptnp = postnarial papillae, vv = ventral velum. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The larvae of two species of Bokermannohyla (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini) endemic to the highlands of central Brazil

FIGURE 3. Lateral view and detail of the body of the tadpoles of Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (A, B) and B. sapiranga (C, D) photographed in life (unvouchered specimens). Typical slow-flowing backwater of permanent streams that tadpoles of B. pseudopseudis (E) and B. sapiranga (F) inhabit.

FIGURE 6 in The larvae of two species of Bokermannohyla (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini) endemic to the highlands of central Brazil

FIGURE 6. Larval skeletons of Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (A, UFMG 1972) and B. sapiranga (B, UFMG 2287). Dorsal (1) and lateral (2) views of chondrocranium, hyobranchial apparatus in ventral view (3), and suprarostral cartilage (4) and lower jaws (5) in frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in The larvae of two species of Bokermannohyla (Anura, Hylidae, Cophomantini) endemic to the highlands of central Brazil

FIGURE 2. Oral discs of (A) Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (UFMG 1972) and (B) B. sapiranga (UFMG 2287) at Stage 25, representing the most common configurations: LTRF with three anterior and six posterior rows in B. pseudopseudis; two anterior and five posterior rows in B. sapiranga. Several small flaps with labial teeth appear in B. pseudopseudis but are absent in B. sapiranga; the jaw sheaths are partially or totally dekeratinized. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIG. 8 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 8. Distribution of five species within the B. polytaenia clade in southeastern Brazil (Faivovich et al., 2021; Santos et al., 2009), including that of B. guarinimirim sp. nov.

FIG. 7 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 7. Color variation of Boana guarinimirim sp. nov. in life. Dorsolateral view of the paratypes AAG-UFU 6773 (top left), AAG-UFU 6800 (top right), AAG-UFU 6772 (bottom left), and dorsal view of AAG-UFU 6774. Scratch markings produced during aggressive interactions can be noticed on the dorsum of specimens.

FIG. 6 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 6. Holotype (CFBH 46043) of Boana guarinimirim sp. nov. in life. (A) Dorsolateral; (B) ventral and (C) dorsolateral view showing the coloration of hidden surfaces of thighs.

FIG. 5 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 5. Oscillograms depicting the variation in the envelope structure of the ''A'' calls of Boana guarinimirim sp. nov. (A) ''A'' call with a decreasing amplitude modulation; a short (B) and a long (C) '' A'' call with irregular amplitude modulations (sound files: Boana_guarinimirimFornoGrandeES2aIV_AAG671; Boana_guarinimirimFornoGrandeES4aPM_AAGm671 and FNJV0040231, respectively).

FIG. 4 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 4. Advertisement calls (spectrograms and corresponding oscillograms) of (A–B) B. guarinimirim sp. nov. (sound files: Boana_guarinimirimFornoGrandeES2aPM_AAGm671 and Boana_guarinimirimFornoGrandeES3aPM_AAGm671, respectively); (C–D) Boana sp. 4 (sound file: Boana_sp.4BJAmparoMG3aAAGm671); and (E–F) B. polytaenia (sound file: Boana_polytaeniaNovFriburRJ1bLBM_AAGmt). See Appendix 2 for additional information on sound files.

FIG. 1 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 1. Scatterplot of the two first axes of discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPC) on the (A) morphometric (9 first Principal Components, ca. 95% retained variance) and (B) acoustic (5 first Principal Components, ca. 95% retained variance) datasets of the tree partitions.

FIG. 3 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 3. Comparison of (A) Boana guarinimirim sp. nov. with other species in the B. polytaenia clade: (B) B. cipoensis (AAG-UFU 0027), (C) B. buriti (AAG-UFU 0433), and (D) B. stenocephala (AAG-UFU 4827). Arrows in (A) indicate the supracloacal crest and the calcar appendage, absent in B–D. Specimens are not to scale.

FIG. 2 in A New Cryptic Species of Boana (Hylinae: Cophomantini) of the B. polytaenia Clade from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIG. 2. Holotype of Boana guarinimirim sp. nov. (CFBH 46043) from Castelo, Parque Estadual do Forno Grande (Espírito Santo, Brazil): (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views (SVL = 24.1 mm), (C) hand and (D) foot.

Figure 6 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 6. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of six selected characters in the phylogenetic hypothesis of Cophomantini modified from Faivovich et al. (2013) for Hypsiboas. For symbols and comments, see Fig. 5.

Figure 3 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 3. Light micrographs of cross sections of the mental skin region of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). C, Hypsiboas benitezi (). D, Hypsiboas benitezi (). E, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). F, Aplastodiscus leucopygius (). G, H, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). I, Hyloscirtus palmeri (). J, Hypsiboas faber (). K, Hypsiboas faber (). L, Aplastodiscus eugenioi (). M, Hyloscirtus caucanus (). N, Hypsiboas heilprini (). O, Bokermannohyla saxicola (). A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, comparative sections between males and females. A, B, There are no distinguishable differences between males and females; only ordinary mucous glands (OMGs) and ordinary serous gland (OSGs) can be recognized in both sexes. C, E, L, sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs) are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer, and specialized mucous glands (SMGs) are of the alveolar type. Specialized serous glands (SSGs) are present in (E) and (L) but are absent in (C). Note in (L) the lack of differences in the thickness of stratum spongiosum (ss) in the mental gland region in comparison with surrounding region. Also, some SMGs are scattered out of the region of higher glandular density. G, H, the mental gland has a notorious thickening of the ss and a reduction of stratum compactum. SMGs of tubuloalveolar morphology are closely packed with their secretory portion in a single layer. Note the absence of SSGs and OSGs. J, N, mental glands are characterized by the disposition of the secretory portion of different glands in two layers, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology, and the occurrence of SSGs. Note the differences in thickness of the ss in (N). M, O, both glands are characterized by the presence of scattered SDSG but, although they are of the mucous type in (M), they are of the serous type in (O). Histological staining: A, B, K, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; G, I, J, N, Masson's thricrome; C, D, H, L, M, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; E, F, semithin sections after toluidine blue-basic fuchsin stain; (O) Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; ss, stratum xspongiosum. Note limits of sc and ss within arrows. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 1 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 1. The mental region in preserved male specimens of some species of Cophomantini. A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Hypsiboas faber. D, Hyloscirtus caucanus. E, Aplastodiscus periviridis. F, Hypsiboas pombali. G, Hyloscirtus palmeri. H, Hyloscirtus colymba. A, B, mental region in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, mental region in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the mental gland is distinguished by a yellowish or brownish colour, with individual glands observed under magnification. G, H, the gland protrudes from surrounding skin, which becomes evident by a ridge around it. Arrowheads indicate the limits of the glandular area, which is approximate in (C) and (D). Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)

Figure 4 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 4. Light micrographs of cross-section of lateral skin regions of males of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus. B, Hypsiboas albomarginatus. C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis. D, Hypsiboas semilineatus. E, Hypsiboas heilprini. F, Aplastodiscus perviridis. G, Hypsiboas faber. H, Hypsiboas albopunctatus. I, J, K, L, Hypsiboas pombali. A, B, lateral glands are absent. Note the occurrence of only ordinary glands within the stratum spongiosum. C, D, lateral glands are characterized by the occurrence of both dimorphic skin glands, specialized mucous glands (SMGs) and specialized serous glands (SSGs), scattered in the integument. Notice differences in the size and staining properties of ordinary mucous glands (OMGs). E, F, glands are highly packed and their secretory portion disposed in a single layer. E, SMGs of the tubuloalveolar morphology. F, SMGs of the alveolar type and also SSGs. G, H, the secretory portions of glands are disposed in two layers. Notice the difference in size of the SMGs. I–L, differences in structural and histochemical properties of SMGs, ordinary serous gland (OSGs) and SSGs. Histological staining: A, B, H, Masson's trichrome; I, Masson–Goldner's trichrome; C, D, E, F, J, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff; G, L, Coomassie Blue R250; K, Sudan black B. sc, stratum compactum; SMG; ss, stratum spongiosum; SSG, specialized serous gland. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 2 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 2. The lateral region in fixed specimens of some species of Cophomantini: A, Hypsiboas pulchellus (). B, Hypsiboas raniceps (). C, Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis (). D, Hypsiboas albopunctatus (). E, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). F, Aplastodiscus perviridis (). G, Hypsiboas heilprini (). H, Hypsiboas punctatus (; Brunetti et al., 2012). A, B, lateral regions in species lacking sexually dimorphic skin glands (SDSGs). C, D, lateral regions in species in which SDSGs are discernible only after histological analysis. Note that, in A–D, variation in the colour and structure of the skin is independent of the occurrence of SDSGs. E, F, the lateral gland in most cases is discernible only upon careful comparison between males (E) and females (F). E, G, H, in those cases in which it is macroscopically evident, the gland presents two different morphologies: slightly distinct skin yellowish or cream-coloured, with individual glands visible under high magnification (E, G), or pale yellow individual glands clearly distinguished without magnification (H). Note that the gland limits are often difficult to define macroscopically; broken lines indicate the putative limits of the glandular area. Scale bars = 5 mm. (Colour version of figure available online.)

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Figure 2 in Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 2. Cleared and double stained (A, C–K) and X-ray image (B) of the right hand of adult males with spine-shaped distal prepollex in dorsal view. Numbers are 'character.character-state' (see Hypotheses of homology for details). A, Bokermannohyla ibitiguara CFBH 17323; B, Bokermannohyla langei MZUSP 74275; C, Boana microderma MZUSP 159194; D, Boana tepuiana MZUSP 159179; E, Boana pombali CFBH 14917; F, Boana heilprini UFMG 8641; G, Boana raniceps UFMG 1547; H, Boana crepitans UFMG 6937; I, Boana clepsydra MNRJ 112612; J, Boana pulchella MACN 54563; K, Boana ericae CFBH 3604. Dorsal crest on the medial margin of the distal prepollex absent (Ch. 3.0) in (C); present (Ch. 3.1) in the others. Post-articular process absent or as a rudimentary tip (Ch. 6.0) in (A, C, D, G); present, intermediate sized (Ch. 6.1) in (E, F, H, I); present and long (Ch. 6.2) in (B, J, K). Spine straight (Ch. 7.1) in (C); curved (Ch. 7.0) in the others. For the curved spines, the curve of the spine passes ventral to metacarpal II before turning mediad (Ch. 8.1) in (J, K); the curve of the spine is directed mediad, without passing ventral to metacarpal II (Ch. 8.0) in the others. Distal projection forming an additional spine present (Ch. 9.1) in (B, K); absent in the others. Metacarpal II articulates with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the proximal epiphysis (Ch. 10.1) in (D, E, G–K); without a medial expansion (Ch. 10.0) in (A–C, F). For abbreviations see Figure 1 legend. For figure clarity, different character states are indicated only in part of the images. Scale bars 1 mm.

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Figure 5 in Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Figure 5. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of six selected characters in the phylogenetic hypothesis of Cophomantini modified from Faivovich et al. (2013) for Myersiohyla, Hyloscirtus, Bokermannohyla, and Aplastodiscus. For Hypsiboas, see Fig. 6. Note that we have excluded the outgroups because SDSGs remain poorly known outside Cophomantini. Numbers refer to characters described in more detail in the text. For the data matrix, see Appendix (Table A1). The multistate character is considered ordered. Transformations that may be synapomorphies of Cophomantini or a more inclusive clade are shown with grey bars. The coloured lines indicate alternative optimizations. Asterisks (*) indicate transformations that occur in that node or in a more inclusive clade. Further studies on taxonomic distribution will help to clarify its position. Further discussion is provided in the text. LG, lateral gland; MG, mental gland; ss, stratum spongiosum; SSGs, specialized serous glands.