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FIGURE 5 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 5. Pigmentation patterns in Newfoundland and Labrador Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) by PH. A–B, Site 7, C Sites 14–15, D, Sites 12, 13, 24; E, Site 10; F, Sites 1–2.

FIGURE 1 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 1. Surveyed sites in Newfoundland and Labrador. Circles, 2004 survey sites (numbered); Squares, literature locations of Pawlowski (1948) and in part, Davies (1973). The site numbers correspond to Table 1.

FIGURE 6 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 6. Erpobdella obscura (Verrill) from Grand river, Ontario. A–E, G: Drawings by Susan Laurie-Bourque of CMNA 1984–0689. F by Peter Frank using Kodachrome film in May 1988. A, Anterior, ventral view; B, Anterior, dorsal view; C, Closeup of seminal vesicle; D, Well-developed male and female gonopores located between annuli; E, Posterior dorsal view; F, Photographs of two preserved leeches comparing the two color variations (ringed form on left and normal form on right); G, Dorsal view of dissected reproductive organs. The right side of the testes and spermduct are omitted on the right side. Broken lines show cut ends of organs. a, atrium; ejd, ejaculatory duct; ep, epididymis; fg, female gonopores; mg, male gonopores; lft, large follicles of testisacs; t, testisac; mft, multifollicular testisacs; nc, nerve chord. Ganglia are numbered in Roman numerals.

FIGURE 4 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 4. Distribution of the four widespread leech species. Circles, 2004 survey; squares, literature locations (Pawlowski 1948, Davies 1973); triangles, museum specimens. A, Glossiphonia elegans (Verrill); B, Helobdella modesta (Verrill); C, Erpobdella punctata (Leidy); D, Erpobdella obscura (Verrill).

FIGURE 2 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 2. Photographs of selected Newfoundland and Labrador leeches. D was collected by Cecelia McGrath in 1982. A, Dorsal view of Glossiphonia elegans (Verrill), site 17; B, Dorsal view of Helobdella modesta (Verrill), site 12; C, Dorsal view of Theromyzon sp., site 6; D, Lateral view of Haemopis lateromaculata Mathers, showing the plain ventrum separated from the speckled dorsum by a lighter pattern on the side, CMNA 1982–0654; E, Dorsal view of Haemopis marmorata (Say), site 12; F, Closeup of anal protrusion of Haemopis marmorata, Site 12; G, Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) (normal pigmentation), site 7; H, Erpobdella obscura (Verrill) [normal pigmentation], site 21. Scale bars are in cm unless otherwise indicated.

FIGURE 7 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 7. Pigmentation patterns of Erpobdella obscura (Verrill). A–F are illustrations by PH from Labrador and Newfoundland: A, Site 28; B, Sites 22, 23; C, Site 21; D, Site 29; E, Site 18; F, Site 7. G–J are microscope photographs of typical examples of ringed and mottled patterns of Erpobdella obscura (Verrill) from Newfoundland and Labrador compared to specimens from the Grand River, Ontario. Scale bars are in mm. G, closeup of midportion of ringed specimen from Newfoundland, CMNA 2006–0023. H, anterior portion of ringed specimen from Newfoundland, CMNA 2006– 0020. I, anterior portion of mottled specimen from Newfoundland, CMNA 2006–0018. J, closeup of midportion of mottled specimen from Newfoundland, CMCA2006–0018.

FIGURE 3 in Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms, and Pleistocene refugia

FIGURE 3. Distribution of rare leeches. Circles, 2004 survey; squares, literature locations (Pawlowski 1948, Davies 1973); triangles, museum specimens. A, Alboglossiphonia heteroclita (Linnaeus); B, Theromyzon sp.; C, Haemopis marmorata (Say): circles and squares; Haemopis lateromaculata Mathers: triangles; D, Haemopis grandis (Verrill) and Erpobdella parva (Moore): both museum specimens found at the same site (Fox Island- see text).

Fig. 5 Landscape interpolations for the Plateau a and Piedmont b in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)

Fig. 5 Landscape interpolations for the Plateau a and Piedmont b clades based on genetic differentiation among COI haplotypes. Peaks (reddish colors) represent areas of high genetic diversity and valleys (blue colors) indicate areas of low diversity

Fig. 4 Species distribution models for Vaejovis carolinianus. Results were projected onto LGM conditions from MIROC a and CCSM4 b data sources invoking the model generated using current climates data c in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)

Fig. 4 Species distribution models for Vaejovis carolinianus. Results were projected onto LGM conditions from MIROC a and CCSM4 b data sources invoking the model generated using current climates data c. Localities used to test and train the model are indicated by

Fig. 1 in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)

Fig. 1 Map depicting the distribution of Vaejovis carolinianus samples in relation to major rivers in the southeastern United States. Circle color corresponds to mitochondrial haplotypes in Figs. 2 and 3. Circle size is proportional to sample size

Fig. 3 in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)

Fig. 3 Bayesian chronogram, haplotype networks, and Bayesian skyline plots generated with COI data from Vaejovis carolinianus. The chronogram was generated using a rate calibration in BEAST and depicts major V. carolinianus clades. Two large clades, Plateau and Piedmont, are collapsed for clarity. Numbers above nodes indicate posterior probabilities. Mean age estimates and 95% HPD estimates

Fig. 2 in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)

Fig. 2 Mitochondrial (COI) phylogeny, nuclear (ITS-2) haplotype network, and PCA identifying clades within V. carolinianus. a Bayesian consensus phylogeny generated with COI data in MrBayes. Bayesian posterior probabilities and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values are above nodes. b Median-joining haplotype network

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Consistent and objective species delimitation is crucial to biodiversity studies, but challenges remain when conflicting taxonomic decisions have been made because different data sets and analytical methods were used to delineate species. In the rhinoceros beetle, Xylotrupes siamensis, the use of different morphological characters has resulted in taxonomic disagreement between studies. We used three molecular loci (mitochondrial CO1 and nuclear ITS2 and H3) to investigate the genetic divergence between populations exhibiting different male horn phenotypes. We also applied an approximate Bayesian computation approach to test alternative historical hypotheses that might explain the present genetic diversity among geographical populations. Furthermore, we used species distribution models to estimate the temporal variation in the geographical distribution of suitable habitats. The results show that the two phenotypic taxa within X. siamensis are not genetically structured and that their genetic structure can be explained using isolation by geographical distance. The emergence of the two phenotypic taxa might have been associated with historical isolation in separate refugia. However, spatial expansion and genetic interchange between populations might have gradually eroded the spatial genetic structure. We demonstrate that understanding the historical processes responsible for phenotypic divergence and genetic diversity among current populations could help with making evolutionarily coherent taxonomic decisions.

Figure 3 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Figure 3. Phylogenetic networks of the three analysed loci and three historical scenarios explaining the origin of the CLAOS population tested using the DIYABC program. The colour of each individual shown in the network corresponds to the taxonomic assignment colour in the DIYABC analysis. Scenario 2 was the most likely model selected by the program (~60% posterior support), and scenario 1 also received moderate support (~30% posterior support). Results of posterior support among scenarios and model checking, in addition to the estimated parameter values (population sizes and divergence times), can be found in the Supporting Information (Figs S3–S8).

Figure 1 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Figure 1. Different male horn phenotypes in Xylotrupes siamensis. Left panels show exemplars of males of the Tonkinensis (short horn) phenotypes and right panels the Siamensis (long horn with a cephalic horn denticle) phenotype. Samples from the CLAOS population (for details, see Table 1; Fig. 2) exhibit intermediate horn length, and the major males have the cephalic horn denticle.

Figure 4 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Figure 4. Associations between three biogeographical distance measures and genetic differentiation (FST), measured at three loci (CO1, ITS2 and H3), for populations of Xylotrupes siamensis. Mantel test statistics (r) indicate the strength and significance of correlations between the genetic distance and biogeographical distance. Distance calculations are detailed in the Material and Methods section. Least cost distances were subject to rescaling and are thus unitless.

Figure 2. A in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Figure 2. A, the sampling sites of Xylotrupes siamensis populations in this study. White circles indicate samples of the Tonkinensis form and grey circles the Siamensis form. The Mekong River is indicated using a thick grey line; elevational differences are shown via a coloured scale, where a lighter colour depicts higher elevation (maximum = 4000 m a.s.l.). B, location of the study area within the Asia–Pacific region. C–E, species distribution model predictions based on the Last Interglacial (C), the Last Glacial Maximum (D) and current climatic conditions (E) are shown, where darker blue indicates higher predicted climatic suitability.

publicMar 2016View details →

Data from: Rethinking refugia: tree topology, divergence dates, and demographic history trace the distribution of the endangered Plymouth gentian (Sabatia kennedyana) from the Pleistocene glaciation to present day

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publicFeb 2013View details →

Data from: The ancient tropical rainforest tree Symphonia globulifera L. f. (Clusiaceae) was not restricted to postulated Pleistocene refugia in Atlantic Equatorial Africa

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