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62 results for “Varroa”
Bees bred for Varroa sensitive hygiene trait demonstrate resistance to chalkbrood disease
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Screening and microsatellite data for Varroa infesting resistant honey bee pupae
<p>We investigated how the evolution of host resistance could affect the infesting population of Varroa mites. We screened a Varroa-resistant honey bee population near Toulouse, France, for a Varroa resistance trait: the inhibition of Varroa's reproduction in drone pupae. We then genotyped Varroa which had co-infested a cell using microsatellites. Across all resistant honey bee colonies, Varroa's reproductive success was significantly higher in co-infested cells but the distribution of Varroa between singly and multiply infested cells was not different from random. While there was a trend for increased reproductive success when Varroa of differing haplotypes co-infested a cell, this was not significant. This dataset may be useful to anybody interested in the evolution of host-resistance on the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. There were no legal or ethical considerations associated with this study.</p>
Interaction of field realistic doses of clothianidin and Varroa destructor parasitism on adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health and neural gene expression, and antagonistic effects on differentially expressed genes
<p>While many studies have examined the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and the parasitic mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> on honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>), more information on the combined effects of such stressors on gene expression, including neural related genes, and their impact on biological pathways is needed. This study analyzed the effects of field realistic concentrations of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on adult bees infested and not infested with <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> over 21 consecutive days and then determined bee survivorship, weight, deformed wing virus (DWV) levels and gene expression. <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> parasitism with or without clothianidin exposure was significantly associated with decreased survivorship, weight loss and higher DWV levels, while clothianidin exposure was only associated with higher levels of DWV. Expression analysis of the neural genes <em>AmNlg-1</em>, <em>BlCh</em> and <em>AmAChE-2</em> showed that <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> caused a significant down-regulation of all of them, whereas clothianidin caused a significant down-regulation of only <em>AmNrx-1</em> and <em>BlCh</em>. An interaction was only detected for <em>AmNrx-1</em> expression. RNAseq analysis showed that clothianidin exposure resulted in 6.5 times more up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> alone and 123 times more than clothianidin combined with <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em>. Similar results were obtained with down-regulated DEGs, except for a higher number of DEGs shared between <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> and the combined stressors. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) biological pathway analysis of the DEGs showed that the stressor linked to the highest number of KEGG pathways was clothianidin, followed by <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em>, and then considerably fewer number of KEGG pathways with the combined stressors. The reduced numbers of DEGs and KEGG pathways associated with the DEGs for the combined stressors compared to the stressors alone indicates that the interaction of the stressors is not additive or synergistic, but antagonistic. The possible implications of the antagonistic effect on the number of DEGs are discussed.</p>
Adaptive population structure shifts in invasive parasitic mites, Varroa destructor
<p>Comparative studies of genetic diversity and population structure can shed light on the ecological and evolutionary factors governing host–parasite interactions. Even though invasive parasites are considered of major biological importance, little is known about their adaptive potential when infesting the new hosts. Here, the genetic diversification of <i>Varroa destructor</i>, a novel parasite of <i>Apis mellifera</i> originating from Asia, was investigated using population genetics to determine how the genetic structure of the parasite changed in distinct European populations of its new host. To do so, mites infesting two categories of hosts in four European regions were compared: (i) adapted hosts surviving through means of natural selection, thereby expected to impose strong selective pressure on the mites, and (ii) treated host populations, surviving mite infestations because acaricides are applied, therefore characterized by a relaxed selection imposed by the host on the mites. Significant genetic divergence was found across regions, partially reflecting the invasion pattern of <i>V. destructor</i> throughout Europe and indicating local adaptation of the mite to the host populations. Additionally, varying degrees of genotypic changes were found between mites from adapted and treated colonies. Altogether, these results indicate that <i>V. destructor</i> managed to overcome the genetic bottlenecks following its introduction in Europe and that host-mediated selection fostered changes in the genetic structure of this mite at diverse geographical scales. These findings highlight the potential of parasites to adapt to their local host populations and confirm that adaptations developed within co-evolutionary dynamics are a major determinant of population genetic changes.</p>
Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites
A honey bee queen mates on wing with an average of 12 males and stores their sperm to produce progeny of mixed paternity. The degree of a queen's polyandry is positively associated with measures of her colony's fitness, and observed distributions of mating number are evolutionary optima balancing risks of mating flights against benefits to the colony. Effective mating numbers as high as 40 have been documented, begging the question of the upper bounds of this behavior that can be expected to confer colony benefit. In this study we used instrumental insemination to create three classes of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15, 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed by queens inseminated with 30 or 60 drones produced more brood per bee and had a lower proportion of samples positive for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens were inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting benefits of polyandry at rates higher than those normally obtaining in nature. Our results are consistent with two hypotheses that posit conditions that reward such high expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may mate with many males in order to promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies, and (2) a queen may mate with many males in order to capture a large number of rare alleles that regulate resistance to pathogens and parasites in a breeding population. Our results are unique for identifying the highest levels of polyandry yet detected that confer colony-level benefit and for showing a benefit of polyandry in particular toward the parasitic mite V. destructor.
Supplementary material S7: An alternative view of Varroa jolting behaviour on the brood-comb substrate.
<p>A short video to demonstrate a few instances of jolting behaviour where the mite appears to push its body in an up and down motion by flexing its legs, rather than the more commonly seen side to side motion. Each instance is of the same mite individual during the same filming session, after it has been edited to remove periods of time where this behaviour is not seen.</p>
Supplementary material S11: Video analysis of Varroa jolting pulses on honeycomb.
<p>Video showing the accelerometer data in spectrogram format and synchronous displacements of the <em>Varroa</em> individual on empty, fully built honeycomb. The processing for all panels in this video has been completed in the same way as for S9 and S10, with the video slowed to four times for ease of viewing. The lowest point of acceleration magnitude is here forced to be 1/10<sup>th</sup> of the maximum. The mite in this video pulses 28 times over a period of approximately 4 minutes, so the frame rate did not need to be slowed down to 5 frames per second as with S8, where jolting pulses are rapid and continuous. Due to the less regular production of pulses, there are many stretches of time where no jolting pulses occur. To view the synchronicity quickly and easily between mite displacement and accelerometer trace, instances of jolting have been cut together, thereby removing those time periods where no activity occurred. Overall, this video accumulates approximately 24 seconds of mite activity. The soundtrack (i.e. the signal from the accelerometer) has also been included, as in S9 and S10, also slowed accordingly. The jolting pulses can be heard in some instances as a ‘clapping’ noise.</p>
Supplementary material S10: Video analysis of Varroa jolting pulses on brood-comb.
<p>Video showing the accelerometer data in spectrogram format and synchronous displacements of the <em>Varroa</em> individual on brood-comb. The processing for all panels in this video has been completed in the same way as for S9 and S11, with the video slowed to four times for ease of viewing. The lowest point of acceleration magnitude is here forced to be 1/60<sup>th</sup> of the maximum As the mite jolting pulses are more spread out over time on this substrate and the vibrational pulse is inherently of a lower frequency, the frame rate did not need to be slowed as much as it did for S9. The soundtrack has also been slowed accordingly and still reveals an audible jolting pulse in some instances, this time as a ‘knocking’ noise. Several jolting instances are included in this video from different points in time to showcase occurrences where the jolt produces a measurable vibrational trace. Although this mite jolted frequently throughout the video, detectable instances of vibration occurred at more irregular intervals. Here too, the synchronicity between mite movement and accelerometer trace can be clearly viewed. Overall, this video amounts to approximately 38 seconds of real-time data.</p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material S2: Video evidence of vibrational traces originating from an individual Varroa mite walking.
<p>A video demonstrating an individual mite walking, together with the measured vibrations in spectrogram form. The logged coordinates of mite movement allow the individual to be tracked within the field of view which is continuously updated. The right-hand side panel detects the changes between two consecutive images of the original cropped video panel. When motionless the mite remains dark blue in the said panel, but the pixels flash red when the mite is walking. The synchronicity between mite movement and the vibrational traces seen on the top spectrogram panel can clearly be seen. This movie soundtrack, which is the accelerometer signal, also demonstrates the audible ‘clicking’ of mite walking vibrations, which are also synchronous with the movement and spectrogram traces. The spectrogram of the accelerometer data is shown with respect to time, with acceleration magnitude in logarithmic (to the base 10) format, with dark red always forced to be 6x10<sup>-3 </sup>m/s<sup>2</sup> (for ease of viewing the walking traces) as the highest point of magnitude at any point in time and dark blue as 1/50 of the maximum. This movie and its corresponding audio track are slowed from the original 50 to 25 frames per second for better viewing.</p>
Supplementary material S9: Video analysis of Varroa jolting pulses on petri-dish.
<p>Video showing the accelerometer data in spectrogram format and synchronous displacements of the <em>Varroa</em> individual on petri-dish. The excerpt demonstrates approximately 10 seconds of continuous jolting behaviour slowed down ten times for ease of viewing and hearing of the rapid jolting behaviour. The soundtrack of this video, also slowed by a factor ten, results in the ultra-high frequency (23 kHz) jolting pulses to be heard at 2200 Hz. Not all pulses produce an audible signature, but for those that do, the sound could be described as a quiet ‘clinking’ noise. The spectrogram shows acceleration magnitude in logarithmic (to the base 10) scale, with dark red showing the highest magnitude and dark blue as the lowest at 1/70<sup>th</sup> of the maximum. The maximum acceleration magnitude is forced to be that of the <em>Varroa </em>jolting pulses for better viewing. The original video data is shown in panel ‘a’. Panel ‘b’ is a replica of this data, further cropped on the mite and demonstrate simple edge detection by means of the spatial gradient of the pixel intensity. Panel ‘c’ further shows the temporal changes in pixel intensity in two consecutive frames seen in panel ‘b’. When motionless the mite is mostly seen as dark blue in ‘c’, but when moving the pixels flash red. The sum of the pixel intensities in this panel are then displayed as the white line superimposed on the spectrogram data, demonstrating the remarkable synchronicity between video-detected mite displacement and accelerometer trace.</p>
The salivary gland transcriptome of Varroa destructor reveals suitable targets for RNAi-based mite control
<p><span>The mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> has a dramatic impact on beekeeping, and is one of the main causes of honey bee colony losses. This ectoparasite feeds on honey bees’ liquid tissues through a wound created on the host integument, which determines weight loss, a reduced lifespan and the transmission of viral pathogens. However, despite its importance, the mite feeding strategy and the host regulation role by the salivary secretions have been poorly explored. Here we contribute to fill this gap by identifying the salivary components of <em>V. destructor </em>and by studying their on mite feeding and survival. Our differential expression analysis identified 30 salivary gland genes encoding putatively secreted proteins, among which only 15 were found to be functionally annotated. These latter include proteins with putative antibacterial, antifungal, cytolytic, digestive and immunosuppressive function. To study the role of the identified genes on mite feeding we selected the three most highly transcribed genes coding for: a chitin-binding domain protein (CHIBIN), a Kazal domain serine protease inhibitor (KAZAL) and a papain-like cysteine protease (PAPA). Knockdown of CHIBIN was associated with a significant decrease of mite survival, likely interfering with the immune reaction to facilitate mite feeding. This work expands our knowledge of the host regulation and nutritional exploitation strategies adopted by ectoparasites of arthropods and allows the identification of novel targets for RNAi-based strategies <span> </span>of <em>Varroa </em>mite control. <span> </span></span></p>
Parallel evolution of Varroa resistance in honey bees; a common mechanism across continents?
<p>The near-globally distributed ecto-parasitic mite of the Apis mellifera honey bee, Varroa destructor, has formed a lethal association with Deformed wing virus, a once rare and benign RNA virus. In concert the two have killed millions of wild and managed colonies, particularly across the northern hemisphere, forcing the need for regular acaricide application to ensure colony survival. However, despite the short association (in evolutionary terms), A. mellifera populations across the globe have been surviving many years without any mite control methods. This long-term survival, or Varroa resistance, is consistently associated with the same suite of traits, recapping, brood removal and reduced mite reproduction, irrespective of location. Here we conduct an analysis of data extracted from 60 papers to illustrate how these traits connect together to explain decades of mite resistance data. For the first time we have potentially a unified understanding of natural Varroa resistance that will help the global industry achieve widespread miticide free beekeeping and indicate how different honey bee populations across four continents have resolved a recent threat using the same suite of behaviours.</p>
Data for: A survey of UK beekeeper's Varroa treatment habits
<p><span>The global spread of the parasitic mite <em>Varroa</em> <em>destructor</em> instigated a substantial decline in both managed and feral honeybee (<em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em>) colonies mainly across the Northern hemisphere. In response, many beekeepers began to treat their colonies with chemical acaricides to control mite populations in managed colonies. However, some countries or beekeepers allowed their bees to develop mite-resistance by adopting a "treatment-free" approach, rather than using selective breeding programs. Yet, the distribution and proportion of beekeepers either treating or not within the United Kingdom (UK) are unknown, as it is in most Northern hemisphere countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a beekeeper survey to determine the current treatment strategies within the UK. We </span><span>gathered </span>2,872 <span>beekeeper responses from an estimated 30,000 UK beekeepers belonging to 242 bee-associations in the winter of 2020/21. The survey indicated that the majority (72–79%) of UK </span><span>beekeepers are still treating their bees for Varroa, typically twice-yearly using chemical-based methods. Six percent or 1,800 UK beekeepers were treatment-free for six years or more. This is reflected by our finding that </span><span>78 associations out of 242 consist of responders who </span>entirely <span>treated, while</span> only four associations had more than 75% of<span> their members that were non-treating.</span> <span>Overall treatment status was not affected by association currently</span><span>. Using the baseline data from this survey it will be possible in the future to observe if a shift towards treatment-free beekeeping occurs or not. </span></p>
Screening and microsatellite data for Varroa infesting resistant honey bee pupae
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Interaction of field realistic doses of clothianidin and Varroa destructor parasitism on adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health and neural gene expression, and antagonistic effects on differentially expressed genes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Parallel evolution of Varroa resistance in honey bees; a common mechanism across continents?
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Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites
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Data from: Multiple host-shifts by the emerging honeybee parasite, Varroa jacobsoni
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Adaptive population structure shifts in invasive parasitic mites, Varroa destructor
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Data for: A survey of UK beekeeper’s Varroa treatment habits
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