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Fig. 2. 2D in Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the vines of Momordica charantia and their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activity

Fig. 2. 2D-NMR correlations of the isolated cucurbitanes. (A) 1H–1H COSY and key HMBC correlations of compounds 1, 4, 5, and 6. (B) Main NOESY correlations of compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7.

Fig. 10 in Diterpenoids from Sigesbeckia glabrescens with anti-inflammatory and AChE inhibitory activities

Fig. 10. The inhibition kinetics of 3-O-acetyldarutigenol (15) towards AChE. (A) Lineweaver-Burk plots for the inhibition of AChE by 3-O-acetyldarutigenol. (B) Determination of Ki using the slopes from Lineweaver–Burk plot towards the concentration of 3-O-acetyldarutigenol.

Fig. 8. Siegetalis H in Diterpenoids from Sigesbeckia glabrescens with anti-inflammatory and AChE inhibitory activities

Fig. 8. Siegetalis H (11) blocks LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway. (A) The phosphorylated and total protein levels of IκBα, as well as the protein level of β-actin, were quantified by immunoblotting in cell lysates of RAW264.7 cells. (B) The quantitative analysis of p- IκBα and IκBα protein levels, normalized against β-actin. (C) Immunoblot analysis of the cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of p65 NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. (D) Quantitative analysis of p65 protein levels, normalized against Histone H3 or β-actin. Data are presented as means ± SD, n = 3; #p <0.05, ##p <0.01, ###p <0.001, ####p <0.0001 vs control; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001 vs LPS only.

Fig. 7 in Diterpenoids from Sigesbeckia glabrescens with anti-inflammatory and AChE inhibitory activities

Fig. 7. Effect of siegetalis H (11) on inflammatory factors on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. (A) The cell lysates were collected to detect the expression of iNOS and COX-2. (B) Quantitative analysis of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels, normalized against β-actin. Data are presented as means ± SD, n = 3; #p <0.05, ##p <0.01, ###p <0.001, ####p <0.0001 vs control; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001 vs LPS only.

Fig. 6 in Chemical constituents of Rumex dentatus L. and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 6. Anti-inflammatory properties of the isolated compounds. (A): Effects of compounds 1–17 and 19 on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 50μM; (B): Effect of compound 9 on the viability of RAW264.7 cells; (C): Effects of compound9 on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells at different concentrations.

Fig. 5 in Chemical constituents of Rumex dentatus L. and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 5. LC‒MS/MS identification. (A): Total ion chromatogram of crude ethanol extract in negative ion mode with numbers of identified compounds; (B): Total ion chromatogram of crude ethanol extract in positive ion mode; (C): HPLC chromatography of crude ethanol extract monitored at 254 nm and names of the two most abundant compounds.

Fig. 8. Compound 14 activated Nrf2 in Diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia wallichii

Fig. 8. Compound 14 activated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. (A–C) The expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were determined by Western blot analysis and the quantification of protein expression was performed by Image J. (D) The inhibitory effect of 14 (16 μM) on the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 induced by LPS via confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAW264.7 cells stained for Nrf2 (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) (scale bar: 10 μm). The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n 3. ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-treated group. (For interpretation of the references to color in = this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7. Compound 14 in Diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia wallichii

Fig. 7. Compound 14 reduced LPS-induced inflammatory factors production and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation. (A–C) The expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were determined by Western blot analysis. (D–F) The expressions of NF-κB, p-IκBα, and IκBα were determined by Western blot analysis. The quantification of protein expression was performed by Image J. (G) The inhibitory effect of compound 14 (16 μM) on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS via confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAW264.7 cells stained for NF-κB (green) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) (scale bar: 10 μm). The values were presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n 3. ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-treated group. (For interpretation of the references to color in = this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Compound 14 in Diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia wallichii

Fig. 6. Compound 14 reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines release. (A) The NO inhibition curve of compound 14, with an IC50 of 3.84 ± 0.25 μM. (B) Cell viability rate of RAW264.7 cells treated with compound 14 (0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μM) for 24 h. (C–D) Effects of compound 14 on production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. ###, p <0.001 vs. control group. *, p <0.1, **, p <0.01 and ***, p <0.001 vs. LPStreated group.

Fig. 5 in Diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Euphorbia wallichii

Fig. 5. Effect of compounds 1–23 (20 μM) on LPS-induced NO production, using dexamethasone (Dex) as the reference drug.

Fig. 9. Compounds 4 and 5 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 9. Compounds 4 and 5 inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells. Compound 4 (A) influenced the expression of relative proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the relative levels of P-mTOR/mTOR (B) and P-AKT/AKT (C) were quantified. Compound 5 (D) influenced the expression of relative proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the relative levels of P-mTOR/mTOR (E) and PAKT/AKT (F) were quantified. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ##p <0.01 and ###p <0.001, compared with the group untreated with LPS; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.

Fig. 7 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 7. HPLC separation chromatograms of 4, 4a, and 4b. Comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 4a and 4b.

Fig. 6 in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effects of compounds 1–7 on cell viability. The concentrations of these compounds ranged from 10 to 100 μM. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. #p <0.001 vs. the control group; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 vs. the LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 8 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 8. Inhibitory effect of the isolated compounds (1–13) at concentrations of 10 μM on the mRNA levels of Tnf-α (A), Il-1β (B), and Il-6 (C) in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control drug. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 compared with the group untreated with LPS; **p <0.01 and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.

Fig. 6 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 6. Optimized geometry of 3 at the B3LYP/6–31G (d) level in methanol, and the comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra of (6S,7S,9R,10R)-3a and (6R,7R,9S,10S)-3b.

Fig. 8 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 8. Inhibitory effects of 1–32 against LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells. Mean ± SD of three replicates is shown. *p <0.05, *p <0.01 with the LPS group. ###p <0.001 with the control group.

Fig. 4 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 4. Key HMBC (arrows in blue) and 1 H– 1 H COSY (bold in black) correlations of undescribed compounds 1-13. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 2. The molecular network of D. tangutica, in which chemical classification was achieved by MolNetEnhancer at the subclass level, except for the heteromonocyclic compounds classified at the molecular framework level.

Fig. 5 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of 5 on COX2 (A), iNOS (B) and NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation (C); effects of 18 on COX2 (D), iNOS (E) and NF-κB/p65 (F) nuclear translocation. Data represent Mean ± SD (n = 3). ***p <0.001 versus control group; ###p <0.001 versus LPS group.

Fig. 4 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 4. Effects of the compound 5 on the PGE2 (A) and TNF-α productions (B); effects of the compound 18 on the PGE2 (C) and TNF-α productions (D). The cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) 2 h and then for treated with the compounds (12.5, 25, 50 μM) for 24 h. PGE2 and TNF-α concentration in the supernatants were measured using ELISA. Dexamethasone was used as positive reference compound at the same concentration with compounds. Values re the mean ± SE of three determinations. ***p <0.001 compared with cells treated by LPS.