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Fig. 4 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 4 Associated conodont fauna recorded at the locality Podhradie. All specimens come from the Bed 3. A Paragondolella trammeri (Kozur, 1972). B Paragondolella cf. alpina (Kozur & Mostler, 1982). C Paragondolella slugovensis (Ramovš, 1996). D Paragondolella ex gr. praeszaboi (Kovács et al., 1996). E, F Neogondolella constricta (Mosher & Clark, 1965). G Paragondolella praeszaboi (Kovácset al., 1996). H Paragondolella cf. praeszaboi (Kovács et al., 1996). I–K Paragondolella bifurcata Budurov & Stefanov, 1972. Scale bar 200 μm (A) and 200 μm (B–K)

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Fig. 5 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 5 Mojsisovicsteuthis boeckhi (StÜrzenbaum, 1875). A–D Specimen No. KGP-KO-001, upper Anisian, lower Illyrian, Harmanecká Cave—Kozelník, Slovakia. A Dorso-ventral view; B lateral view; C cross-section; D position of the siphuncle (s). E–H Specimen No. T.3593. E Dorso-ventral view; F lateral view; G, H Cross-section with position of the siphuncle (H. enlarged); I Cross-section of the apical part. J–P. Holotype No. T.829. Bakony (Hungary), Anisian, Reitzi Zone. J Original figure of StÜrzenbaum (1875), lateral view; K lateral view; L dorso-ventral view; M cross-section; N original figure of StÜrzenbaum (1875) with missinterpreted position of the siphuncle; O, P longitudinal section of the phragmocone with septa arrangement (partly seen). Q The largest specimen No. T.3137 in the lateral view. Scale bar equals 1 cm

Fig. 9 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 9 Lectotype and paralectotype of Trematoceras elegans (MÜnster, 1841) from the Carnian of the Cassian Formation. A, C SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1014, lectotype. B, D–F SNSB-BSPG AS VII 1015, paralectotype. A External (lateral?) view. B Apertural view. C Longitudinal section. D Apical view. E Lateral view, venter right. F Ventral view

Fig. 2 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 2 Orthoceratoids from the Besano Formation (Middle Triassic) of the Monte San Giorgio, Ticino, Switzerland. A–H: Trematoceras cf. elegans (MÜnster, 1841). A PIMUZ 39056, partially fixed with silicon, bed 41. B PIMUZ 39487, bed 87. C-E PIMUZ 39586, sectioned specimen, bed 45. F–G PIMUZ 39029, bed 61. H PIMUZ 39064, bed 162

Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Cross section shape: circular elliptical unknown Siphuncle position: central marginal unknown Fig. 4 Morphometrics of orthoconic cephalopods from the Besano Formation. Measurements are compared with discrete characters of the shell. Orange circles represent definite and orange crosses likely orthoceratoids, while blue triangles represent definite and blue crosses likely coleoids. Black crosses are indeterminable. A Apical angle, calculated from length and diameters of the specimens. B Maximum diameter

Fig. 3 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 3 Ticinoteuthis chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov. from the Besano Formation (Middle Triassic) of the Monte San Giorgio, Ticino, Switzerland and a co-occurring orthoceratoid for taphonomic comparison. A–D PIMUZ 39491, holotype, bed 112 A Lateral view. B Adapical view of preserved phragmocone, exposing the ventral position of the siphuncle. C Lateral view of preserved phragmocone, exposing faint traces of inclined septa. D Lateral view of adapical external mould, exposing potential traces of septa. E–G PIMUZ 39493, T. chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov., bed 94. E Lateral view. F Enlarged view of longitudinal ribs. G Lateral view of counterpart. H PIMUZ 39060, bed 94, likely orthoceratoid with similar longitudinal ribs. Note the irregularity in these structures, suggesting that these represent a taphonomic artefact. Abbreviations: si = siphuncle, se = septa

Fig. 10 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 10 Reconstructions of non-ammonoid cephalopods from the Anisian of Monte San Giorgio. A Breviconoteuthis breviconus (Reis, 1907); B Mojsisovicsteuthis sp.; C Ticinoteuthis chuchichaeschtli gen. et sp. nov.; D Trematoceras elegans (MÜnster, 1841); F Enoploceras rieberi Pieroni, 2022

Fig. 1 in Orthoceratoid and coleoid cephalopods from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland with an updated taxonomic framework for Triassic Orthoceratoidea

Fig. 1 Stratigraphic distribution of orthoconic cephalopods in the Besano Formation at Point 902 and corresponding strata at Monte San Giorgio. Each symbol represents one specimen. Stratigraphy modified after Röhl et al. (2001) and Pieroni (2022)

Fig. 14. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 14. A small, triangular, pointed posteriorly, gladius, indicative a coleoid prey of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBA 2006/011/0028); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predi, NE Italy (enlarged detail of Fig. 2B).

Fig. 15 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 15. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0001); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. Arm hooks with basal parts longer than shafts saving in-life paired arrangement along the arms.

Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A. The hypothesized "beaks of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata" (GBW 2006/011/0009, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Cave del Predil, NE Italy). B. Chitin of the lower beak of Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (NHMW 2005z0005/0001, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria). C. A cartilage of the cranial capsule of Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) ( Recent; North Sea); C1, C2, a matrix containing the collagen fibers showing a banding pattern. SEM images, except C1 which is taken with photomicroscope. Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010, from the Mississippi, USA (Weaver et al. 2011). The fin-supporting cartilages of the middle Olenekian (early Triassic) squid of Idahoteuthis parisiana (Decabrachia: Myopsida) from Idaho, USA, are ones of the as yet known oldest fossilized cartilaginous structures (Doguzhaeva et al. 2018). We also revealed that the site of the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (at the tip of a proostracum) may be occupied with another structures of similar size. These are the gladius and arm crown imprint (Figs. 2B, 14). They apparently represent the remains of another prey of P. bisinuata, also held by its handle hooks. This find points out an as yet unknown teuthid resembling the early Permian Glochinomorpha stifeli Gordon, 1971 (see Doguzhaeva and Mapes 2015: figs. 1A–H, 2, 3). Thus, in the light of new ultrastructural and geochemical data on the "beaks of P. bisinuata", morphological data on the upper beak of the reported Anisian (Middle Triassic) coleoid beak from Italy, and previously observed lower beak of co-occurring Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis, P. bisinuata had hardly differed by its beaks from other coleoids. The discussed black structures associated with the proostraca of the early Carnian P. bisinuata, previously con- Fig. 13. Coleoid cephalopod Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, sidered to be the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (Figs. 2A, 2C, 3A), Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (holotype, NHMW 2005z0005/0001); 1 lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria. SEM image are known by seven specimens from the Cave del Predil lo- of a fractured lower beak in a contact with the phragmocone. Abbreviations: cality, although the number of specimens with other non-bio- il, inner lamella of the lower beak; ol, outer lamella of the lower beak; ph, mineralized structures, like ink sacs and arm hooks, is about phragmocone; r, rostrum of the lower (ventral) beak; w, wing of the beak. the same in both localities. The fish beds of Cave del Predil

Fig. 11 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 11. The ultrastructure of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, an imprint of a bone-like nanostructure showing "nano-porosity" and three rounded openings left by missing processes (enlarged detail of Fig. 10A1); A2, a semi-ring structure with thin processes ended by swollen rounded part; A3, a deep imprint of a swollen bone-like nano-structure which left two openings of the assumed processes (enlarged detail of A2 marked in the left bottom corner); A4, a mangy skin like micro-lamination and micro-porosity of the matrix.

Fig. 8 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 8. Hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A fracture of the "beak". A1, a dimpled outer surface of the "beak" coated by a shale; A2, "glassy" structureless matrix and whitish fractured compressed bone-like nanostructure; A3, dense wall of bone-like nanostructure; A4, a dimpled outer surface of the wall of the bone-like nanostructure.

Fig. 9. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 9. A fracture of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, "nano-porosity" of the matrix of the hypothesized "beak"; A2, A3, bone-like structures (light grey) in the matrix (dark grey) (enlargements of Fig. 8A1, A2); A4, enlarged detail of Fig. 8A3 to show a smooth surface of dense bone-like structure.

Fig. 7 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 7. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Schindelberg, Lower Austria. EDS data on geochemical composition of shale and fossilized remains. A. NHMW 2006z0235/0007, silicified shale. B. NHMW 2006z0235/0012, calcified proostracum. C. NHMW 2006z0235/0010, high content of Ba and S in the shale in intimate contact with black sheet on a top of proostracum, indicative a life time organic material. D. NHMW 2006z0235/0010, carbonized black sheet (mantle) on a top of proostracum. E. NHMW 2006z0235/0007, carbonized ink sac content.

Fig. 10 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 10. The ultrastructure of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, A2, a fracture of the structureless matrix containing bone-like nanostructures or their imprints; A3, a complex bone-like structure within the matrix; A4, a warty outer surface of the bone-like structure; the longest warts leave a "micro-porosity" of the imprints left by bone-like nanostructures.

Fig. 4 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 4. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy; GBW 2006/011/0001; overview of the "beaks" and arm hooks (enlargement of Fig. 2C2). Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; tp, "tubercle-like processes" of the hypothesized "beak of P. bisinuata. The "beaks" structures are interpreted herein as the cartilagenous vertebrate remains of a prey of P. bisinuata which most likely belonged to juvenile fish.

Fig. 5 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 5. The isolated upper beak and arm hooks of unknown coleoid (GM-P393) from the Buchenstein Formation, uppermost Anisian, Middle Triassic, Seceda Mountain, Gardena Valley, NE Italy. A1, an overview of the specimen; A2, enlarged arm hook; A3, the anterior part of the upper beak showing a pointed hook-shape rostrum and a deep U-shape inter-space between the lateral walls; A4, S-shape boundary between a rostrum and lateral wall. Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; bl, the curved broken lines consisted from the hook-like structures in the vicinity of the isolated upper beak from the NE Italy; lw, lateral wall of the upper beak; r, rostrum of the upper (dorsal) beak; sah, transversely sectioned arm hook; w, wing of the beak.

Fig. 6 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 6. Hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. SEM/EDS data on ultrastructure and geochemical composition of the hypothesized "beak". A1, a fracture of the "beak" showing a black structureless matrix containing whitish bone-like nanostructures; A2. high peak of C and lower peaks of S, Ca, and Ba, indicative a carbonized matrix (dark grey areas in A1); A3, high peak of Ca, indicative a calcified material of nanostructures (whitish areas in A1).

Fig. 3 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 3. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), overview of the hypothesized "beaks of P. bisinuata"; lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A. GBW 2006/011/0009, an imprint of a proostracum, ink sac and "beaks" (A1), enlarged detail of the "beaks" (A2). B. GBA 2006/011/0041; isolated "beaks". C. GBW 2006/011/0001, "beaks" associated with the arm hooks (enlarged details of Fig. 2C), part (C1) and counter-part C2). Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; hb, hypothesized "beaks of P. bisinuata"; pro, proostracum; tp, "tubercle-like processes" of the hypothesized "beak of P. bisinuata". The "beak" strutures are interpreted herein as the cartilagenous vertebrate remains most likely of juvenile fish that was a prey of P. bisinuata.