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233 results for “experimental evolution”

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dryad36/100

Experimental evolution of a more restrained clutch size when filial cannibalism is prevented in burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides

The over-production of offspring is commonly associated with high hatching failure and a mechanism for dispensing with surplus young. We used experimental evolution of burying beetle populations Nicrophorus vespilloides to determine causality in these correlations. We asked: does eliminating the mechanism for killing 'spare' offspring cause the evolution of a more restrained clutch size, and consequently select for reduced hatching failure? N. vespilloides typically over-produces eggs but kills 1st instar larvae through partial filial cannibalism during brood care. We established replicate evolving populations that either could practice filial cannibalism (Full Care) or could not, by removing parents before their young hatched (No Care). After 20+ generations of experimental evolution, we measured clutch size and hatching success. We found that No Care females produced fewer eggs than Full Care females when allowed to breed on a small corpse, a finding not explained by differences in female quality. On larger corpses, females from both populations laid similar numbers of eggs. Furthermore, hatching success was greater in the No Care populations on small corpses. Our results suggest that the adaptive over-production of offspring depends on a mechanism for eliminating surplus young and that killing offspring, in turn, relaxes selection against hatching failure.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Modeling the early evolution of massive OB stars with an experimental wind routine. The first bi-stability jump and the angular momentum loss problem

MESA run_star_extras associated with <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/?#abs/2017A&A...598A...4K">Keszthelyi et al. (2017)</a>. MESA version 7624. Publication DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629468">10.1051/0004-6361/201629468</a>

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

zenodo36/100

Data from: Experimental evolution of halophiles: rapid divergence along a multidimensional niche

This data was collected during the study entitled "Experimental evolution of halophiles: rapid divergence along a multidimensional niche." We explored multidimensional niche breadth evolution among two halophilic species, an archaeon (Halobacterium salinarum) and a bacterium (Salinibacter ruber). We propagated each species in rich and poor media for 60 generations and measured associated changes across novel conditions. In particular, we isolated the effects of selection history on axes of salinity and resource abundance, documenting whether shifts in niche breadth are context-dependent. Growth curves were generated via daily measurements over 5 days (4 replicate populations per treatment), with the area under the curve used as a proxy for absolute fitness in a given environment. Relative fitness was calculated as the fitness of the derived populations (following 10 transfers in their respective environment) divided by the fitness of the ancestral populations.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Sanger sequencing traces experimental evolution rVSV-SADS

A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the spike glycoprotein of swine accute diarrhea syndrome virus (SADS) (rVSV-SADS) was serially passaged in three human cell lines (Huh-7, H23, OVCAR-8). The wild-type (WT), initial virus (P0) and final viruses at passage 10 (P10) were sequenced using Sanger sequencing. The seuquence traces are attached.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Minimum number of experimental data for the thermal characterization of a hot water storage tank. Videos of temperature evolution

Videos that show the evolution of the instantaneous temperature profile measured and determined with the models and in the cases developed in the paper "Minimum number of experimental data for the thermal characterization of a hot water storage tank"  by the same authors. Thermocline thickness evolution is also shown. Video 1. Evolution of the instantaneous temperature profile estimated with the 5 MEL models during the charging period. Evolution of thermocline thickness during the same period is displayed in a separate frame also for all MEL models. Video 2. Evolution of the instantaneous temperature profile estimated with the 5 MDH models during the charging period. Evolution of thermocline thickness during the same period is displayed in a separate frame also for all MDH models.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Experimental data for Pseudomonas aeruginosa from experimental evolution under different bottleneck sizes and antibiotic selection pressures

We here combined evolution experiments with genomic and genetic analyses to assess whether bottleneck size and antibiotic-induced selection influences the evolutionary path to resistance in pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most problematic opportunistic human pathogens. Two sets of evolution experiments were performed across 16 transfers, in which either the aminoglycoside gentamicin or the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin were used as antibiotic. The evolutionary response was studied using counts of bacterial cells at the end of each transfer period (i.e., yield) or by calculating the growth rate from regular optical density measurement during the respective transfer periods. For the populations at the end of the evolution experiments, we also determined their antibiotic resistance with the help of standardized dose response curves. Moreover, we performed whole genome sequencing to assess the frequency of variants, which emerged and spread during the evolution experiments. We further focused on variants in two specific genes, which were selectively favoured in the gentamicin evolution experiments, and assessed their relative fitness using competition experiments. We found that antibiotic resistance is favoured under high antibiotic selection and weak bottlenecks, but also under low antibiotic selection and severe bottlenecks. We found that the absence of high resistance under low selection and weak bottlenecks is caused by the spread of low-resistance variants with high competitive fitness under these conditions. We conclude that bottlenecks in combination with drug-induced selection are currently neglected key determinants of pathogen evolution and antibiotic treatment outcome.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Data and code from: Experimental evolution of environmental tolerance, acclimation, and physiological plasticity in a randomly fluctuating environment

Environmental tolerance curves, representing absolute fitness against the environment, are an empirical assessment of the fundamental niche, and emerge from the phenotypic plasticity of underlying phenotypic traits. Dynamic plastic responses of these traits can lead to acclimation effects, whereby recent past environments impact current fitness. Theory predicts that higher levels of phenotypic plasticity should evolve in environments that fluctuate more predictably, but there have been few experimental tests of these predictions. Specifically, will still lack experimental evidence for evolution of acclimation effects in response to environmental predictability. Here, we exposed 25 genetically diverse populations of the halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella salina to different constant salinities, or to randomly fluctuating salinities, for over 200 generations. The fluctuating treatments differed in their autocorrelation, which determines the similarity of subsequent values, and thus environmental predictability. We then measured acclimated tolerance surfaces, mapping population growth rate against past (acclimation) and current (assay) environments. We found that experimental mean and variance in salinity caused the evolution of niche position (optimal salinity) and breadth, with respect to not only current but also past (acclimation) salinity. We also detected weak but significant evidence for evolutionary changes in response to environmental predictability, with higher predictability leading notably to an upwards shift in optimal salinities and stronger acclimation effect of past environment on current fitness. We further showed that these responses are related to the evolution of plasticity for intracellular glycerol, the major osmoregulatory mechanism in this species. However the direction of plasticity evolution did not match simple theoretical predictions. Our results underline the need for a more explicit consideration of the dynamics of environmental tolerance and its underlying plastic traits to reach a better understanding of ecology and evolution in fluctuating environments.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Data from: Experimental evolution in the cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis: increases in size and morphological diversity.

Data deposited in this repository was collected during the investigation entitled; Experimental evolution in the cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis: increases in size and morphological diversity. Using experimental evolution, we selected the filamentous cyanobacteria T. viariabilis larger size by means of settling selection. The experimental design consisted of 20 replicate populations, ten propagated without selection, and ten populations were transferred by means of settling selection. Settling selection consisted of centrifugation of a 1.5 mL sample of a 72h grown population at 100 g for 30 seconds and transferring the bottom 100 µL of the 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube to fresh media. The other ten were propagated in batch culture transferring 100 µL of a mixed population to fresh media after 72h growth. The selection experiment was carried out for 45 transfer cycles.  Data present the morphology, size, growth, and settling rate of the populations over time, and at the end of the experiment, transfer cycle 45. The population's growth cycle was assessed at transfer 45 over two transfer cycles. Populations were assessed by image analysis of populations' microphotographs.  Morphological classification of the evolved morphologies was assessed by a double-blind volunteer panel and by objective analyses of the population's microphotographs. Canonical evolved Cluster and Tangle morphologies were compared using Principal Component Analysis.  Lyticase and 2% β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase treatment of the populations enables the assessment of heritability of the evolved morphologies starting with single cells.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Bacterial predation of a fungal wheat pathogen: Prelude to experimental evolution of enhanced biocontrol agents

Research to identify appropriate biological agents for controlling pathogens might exploit experimental evolution to select for enhanced antagonism against pathogens. We report development of an experimental regime facilitating this approach featuring the broad-spectrum bacterial predator Myxococcus xanthus and the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We demonstrate that Z. tritici, a major cause of crop loss and fungicide use worldwide, both fuels growth of and is killed by M. xanthus on wheat straw, a likely source of vernal seedling infection. M. xanthus is first found capable of density-dependent growth on moistened straw alone, unaided by Z. tritici as prey, growth that also depends on how long straw was moistened before M. xanthus inoculation. Such growth of non-cellulolytic myxobacteria on plant detritus may have implications for understanding their roles in nutrient cycling. However, straw with Z. tritici is found to fuel greater M. xanthus growth than straw alone under many conditions. After shorter moistening, growth by low-density M. xanthus populations is found to be fully dependent on Z. tritici. Such pathogen-dependent M. xanthus populations could be sustained with population replacement over five one-week growth cycles, indicating feasibility of conducting long-term experimental evolution with this system. Further, M. xanthus is found to kill majorities of Z. tritici populations on both buffered agar and straw. Our results suggest that myxobacteria may serve as effective biocontrol agents of Z. tritici and are amenable to long-term experimental selection for enhanced killing of this pathogen, an approach broadly applicable to many potential biocontrol agents and target pathogens.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data and codes for: Experimental evolution of evolutionary potential in fluctuating environments

This supplementary data contains raw data for a publication: "Experimental evolution of evolutionary potential in fluctuating environments." 1) Raw data of optical density measurements (10 .csv files), 2) R-code for obtaining maximal growth rate and maximum biomass yield from measurements. 3) resulting data file 4) R-code for Bayesian analysis of the data.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Experimentally simulating the evolution-to-ecology connection: Divergent predator morphologies alter natural food webs

The idea that changing environmental conditions drive adaptive evolution is a pillar of evolutionary ecology. But, the opposite—that adaptive evolution alters ecological processes—has received far less attention yet is critical for eco-evolutionary dynamics. We assessed the ecological impact of divergent values in a key adaptive trait using 16 populations of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). Mirroring natural variation, we established islands with short- or long-limbed lizards at both low and high densities. We then monitored changes in lower trophic levels, finding that on islands with short-limbed lizards at high-density, web spiders decreased and plants grew more via an indirect positive effect, likely through an herbivore-mediated trophic cascade. Our experiment provides strong support for evolution-to-ecology connections in nature, likely closing an otherwise well-characterized eco-evolutionary feedback loop.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data for: Weak sex-specific evolution of locomotor activity of Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae) thermal experimental evolution lines

Elevated temperatures are expected to rise beyond what the physiology of many organisms can tolerate. Behavioural responses facilitating microhabitat shifts may mitigate some of this increased thermal selection on physiology, but behaviours are themselves mediated by physiology, and any behavioural response may trade-off against other fitness-related activities. We investigated whether experimental evolution in different thermal regimes (Cold: 15°C; Hot: 31°C; Intergenerational fluctuation 15/31°C; Control: 23°C) resulted in genetic differentiation of standard locomotor activity in the dung fly Sepsis punctum. We assessed individual locomotor performance, an integral part of most behavioral repertoires, across eight warm temperatures from 24°C to 45°C using an automated device. We found no evidence for generalist-specialist trade-offs (i.e. changes in the breadth of the performance curve) for this trait. Instead, at the warmest assay temperatures, hot-selected flies showed somewhat higher maximal performance than all others, especially cold-selected flies, overall more so in males than females. Yet, the flies' temperature optimum was not higher than that of the cold-selected flies, as expected under the 'hotter-is-better' hypothesis. Maximal locomotor performance merely weakly increased with body size. These results suggest that thermal performance curves are unlikely to evolve as an entity according to theory and that locomotor activity is a trait of limited use in revealing thermal adaptation.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data: Female-limited responses in remating rate and mating duration in the experimental evolution of a beetle Callosobruchus chinensis

Mating rate optima often differ between the sexes: males may increase their fitness by multiple mating, but for females, multiple mating confers little benefit and can often be costly (especially in taxa without nuptial gifts or mala parental care). Sexually antagonistic evolution is thus expected in traits related to mating rates under sexual selection. This prediction has been tested by multiple studies that applied the experimental evolution technique, which is a powerful tool to directly examine the evolutionary consequences of selection. Yet, the results so far only partly support the prediction. Here we provide another example of experimental evolution of sexual selection, by applying it for the first time to the mating behavior of a seed beetle Callsorobruchus chinensis. We found a lower remating rate in polygamy-line females than in monogamy-line (i.e. no sexual selection) females after 21 generations of selection. Polygamy-line females also showed a longer duration of first mating than monogamy-line females. We found no effect of male evolutionary lines on the remating rate or first mating duration. Though not consistent with the original prediction, the current and previous studies collectively suggest that the observed female-limited responses may be a norm, which is also consistent with the conceptual advances in the last two decades of the advantages and limitations of the experimental evolution technique.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad36/100