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FIG. 29 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 29. Optimization of the shape of tympanal organ in the hind femur: state 0, small and semicircular; state 1, small disk depressed area; state 2, absent.

FIGS. 33–38 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 33–38. Ventral view of midsegment of foretarsus: 33, Saussurembia calypso (Anisembiidae) left leg: A, silk ejector Type I, B, comb setae, C, serrate hairs; 34, Haploembia solieri (Oligotomidae); 35, Notoligotoma nitens (Notoligotomidae); 36, Australembia incompta (Australembiidae) left leg; 37, Pararhagadochir trachelia (Archembiidae); 38, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae).

FIGS. 6–12 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIGS. 6–12. Shapes of auditory organ on forefemur: 6, Chelicerca barbara (Anisembiidae) right leg; 7, C. wheeleri right leg; 8, Machadoembia angolica (Embiidae) right leg; 9, Teratembia geniculata (Teratembiidae) left leg; 10, Australembia nodosa (Australembiidae) right leg; 11, Clothoda longicauda (Clotodidae) left leg; 12, Aposthonia indica (Oligotomidae) right leg.

FIG. 13 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 13. Optimization of the shape of the forefemora tympanal organ: state 0, semicircular with well-defined edges; state 1, a curved, slender band, elongated along the femoral axis; state 2, a tiny triangle. Arrows (>>>) in some parts of the cladogram represent higher groups, with several species included in the dataset, but the internal resolution of which is not relevant for this level of analysis (hence, for clarity, the groups are collapsed and replaced by the corresponding name).

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Figure 2 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography

Figure 2. Klots' (1933) intuitive phylogeny of the Pieridae, reconstructed from his generic revision and systematic classification, and hypothetical chart of evolution of the subfamilies and main stock of the Pierinae. Dashed lines indicate uncertainty in the phylogenetic position of genera or groups of genera.

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Figure 8 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography

Figure 8. Historical biogeographical hypothesis of the Pseudopontiinae + Dismorphiinae, with dispersal and extinction events optimized to reconcile the area cladogram. Letters designate speciation events: a, vicariance between Pseudopontiinae (Africa) and Dismorphiinae (South America), following the final break-up of Western Gondwana (Late Cretaceous); b, long-distance dispersal of the ancestor of Dismorphiinae from northern South America to northern Africa (Late Cretaceous), followed by allopatric speciation of Leptidea in northern Africa (Late Cretaceous). Numbers designate major biogeographical events: 1, dispersal (range expansion) of the ancestor of Leptidea from northern Africa to Eurasia, following contact of Africa with Eurasia (early Tertiary); 2, extinction (range contraction) of Leptidea in northern Africa following formation of the Sahara Desert (Quaternary). Once Leptidea reached Eurasia it colonized much of the Palaearctic, the Neotropical Dismorphiinae subsequently spread into Central America, whereas the Pseudopontiinae contracted to central western Africa.

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Figure 7 in Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): higher classification and biogeography

Figure 7. Higher classification of the Pieridae, showing two possible phylogenetic hypotheses according to the combined and all available data analyses of this study (Figs 3, 6). A, consensus tree summarizing nodes that are well supported or that are consistently recovered under different methods of analysis (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference), with a question mark denoting uncertainty in the monophyly of the Colotis group. B, fully resolved tree, with question marks denoting uncertainty among nodes and in the monophyly of the Colotis group. Four subfamilies are recognized, with the subfamily Pierinae comprising four major lineages (two tribes, two informal groups); the tribe Pierini is subdivided into five lineages (three subtribes, two subclades of uncertain status).

Figure 75 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figure 75. Phylogenetic relationships among families of Psocomorpha. Monophyly of shaded bar is not supported.

Figure 74 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figure 74. Preferred cladogram of Psocomorpha and most parsimonious reconstruction of character states. Outgroups are omitted.

Figures 69–73 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 69–73. (69) generated from original data set, strict consensus of 1108 trees; (70–72) generated from new data set, strict consensus of (70) 72 trees of set 1 (71) 56 trees of set 2 (72) two trees generated using successive approximations and implied weights techniques; family names are abbreviated to first three letters. (73) 14 trees generated from original data set using successive approximations and implied weights techniques (part).

Figures 61–68 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 61–68. Gonapophyses of Hemipsocus chloroticus (61), Psocus sp. (62), Triplocania spinosa (63), Amphipsocus mangifera (64), Elipsocus abdominalis (65), Heterocaecilius fuscus (66), Mesopsocus unipunctatus (67) and Lachesilla sp. (68), ventral view. Abbreviations: dv = dorsal valve; ev = external valve; vv = ventral valve.

Figures 41–48 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 41–48. (41–43) male genitalia of Idatenopsocus orientalis (41) and Trichadenotecnum sexpunctatum (42), lateral view, and Heterocaecilius fuscus (43), posterior view; (44–48) phallosome of Hemipsocus chroloticus (44), Psocus sp. (45), Het. fuscus (46), Haplophallus sp. (47) and Peripsocus quercicola (48). Abbreviations: a = aedeagus; cl = clunium; ep = endophallus; hy = hypandrium; pp = paraproct; pr = paramere.

Figures 35–40 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 35–40. Fore– (left) and hindwing (right) of Pararchipsocus pacificus (35), Lichenomima muscosa (36), Philotarsus quercicola (37), Ectopsocus sp. (38), Triplocania spinosa (39) and Stenopsocus sp. (40). Abbreviations: ap = areola postica; ps = pterostigma.

Figures 28–34 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 28–34. (28–30) right first axillary sclerite of Paramphientomus sp. (28), Peripsocus quercicola (29) and Pseudocaecilius kagoshimensis (30); (31–32) mesothorax and forewing of Hemipsocus chloroticus (31) and Psococerastis nubila (32), dorsal view; (33–34) nodulus of Paramphientomum sp. (33) and Psococerastis nubila (34). Abbreviations: 2ax = second axillary sclerite; dmp = distal median plate; fw = forewing; pmp = proximal median plate.

Figures 15–27 in Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera')

Figures 15–27. (15–16) prothorax of Psococerastis nubila (15) and Ectopsocus sp. (16), lateral view; (17) thorax of P. nubila, lateral view; (18) metapleuron of Hemipsocus chloroticus, lateral view; (19–21) mesothoracic dorso-ventral flight muscle of Paramphientomum sp. (19), Stenopsocus sp. (20) and Parachipsocus pacificus (21); (22–23) mesothoracic precoxal bridge and trochantin of Psococerastis nubila (22) and S. sp. (23); (24–25) apex of hind tibia of S. sp. (24) and Psocus sp. (25); distal tarsomere and claws of Psocus sp. (26) and S. sp. (27). Abbreviations: aes = anepisternum; cx = coxa; em = epimeron; es = episternum; kes = katepisternum; pb = precoxal bridge; pes = preepisternum; tr = trochantin.

Fig. 59 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 59 (continued on facing page). One of the 634 most parsimonious trees showing names of transformations for basal nodes. These nodes and characters transformations are identical for all 634 trees. Numbered nodes relate to discussion in the text. Proposed families and subfamilies are named at their respective nodes. Black bars = nonhomoplasious forward change; grey bars = homoplasious forward change; white bars = reversal (whether homoplasious or not). Numbered nodes refer to discussion in text.

Fig. 60. Character transformations within clade 4 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 60. Character transformations within clade 4 of the same tree shown in Fig. 59. Numbered nodes relate to discussion in the text. Note that resolution within this clade differs little from the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 56. Tribal groupings are those proposed under this study. Black bars = non-homoplasious forward change; grey bars = homoplasious forward change; white bars = reversal (whether homoplasious or not).

Fig. 58 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 58. Strict consensus tree showing current tribal placements for genera, together with their proposed tribal placements under the revised classifications derived from this study. Numbered nodes are those referred to in the text.

Fig. 62. Character transformations within clade 13 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 62. Character transformations within clade 13 of the same tree shown in Fig. 59. Note that resolution within this clade differs little from the strict consensus tree shown in Fig. 56. Numbered nodes relate to discussion in the text. The tribal grouping is that proposed under this study. Black bars = nonhomoplasious forward change; grey bars = homoplasious forward change; white bars = reversal (whether homoplasious or not).

Figs. 54–55 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Figs. 54–55. Cyclochila australasiae: (54) stridulatory file on underside of lateral angles of pronotal collar; (55) stridulatory scraper on fore wing base.