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Fig. 7 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 7. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (RUB-Pal 7-11293, body chambers) from Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia. Group of conellae, note the small gap between conellae and internal mould (A1), conella with irregular outline showing a microboring, conella partially covered by nacre tablets suggesting that the conellae formed within the shell, was temporarily hollow and subsequently filled with sediment (A3,A5), framboid pyrite within the sediment fill of conellae (A4), matrix rich in radiolaria (so far unidentified) (A6).

Fig. 6 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 6. Various inclusions in sediment-filled conellae. A, C. Sand grains in the conellae on the body chamber of Middle Callovian macroconch Rondiceras sp. from Nikitino locality, Ryazan region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/16, large sand grain on the top of conella. C. GIN MPC 4/17, small sand grain in the sediment which infilled the conella. B. Sand grain in the conella on phosphorite phragmocone of Late Volgian Virgatites virgatus (Buch, 1830) (GIN MPC 4/18) from Borsheva locality, Moscow region, Russia. D. Various algal microfossils in the internal mould of a body chamber and a conella, Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] (GIN MPC 4/19) from Late Oxfordian, Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia.

Fig. 9. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 9. A. Aragonitic conellae in an injured area close to the aperture of Recent Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 (RUB-Pal 11292) from Philippines; the conellae are comparable in size with fossil examples (A1, A2). Note ultrathin organic membrane is preserved and a growth from the shell surface towards the center of the fluid filled blister is proposed. B. Aragonitic and calcitic conellae-like structures in an injured area (pathological band-slit: forma aegra verticata) of the Late Callovian ammonite Quenstedtoceras sp. (GIN MPC 4/20) from Dubki, Saratov region, Russia; overview (B1), SEM image showing the shell microstructure (B2).

Fig. 5. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 5. A very large single sediment-filled conella on the phosphatized fragment of body chamber of Late Volgian macroconch of Craspedites sp. (GIN MPC 4/15) from Kuntsevo locality in the Moscow region, Russia. SEM image of conella showing the minute surface structure (A1), general view of the specimen (A2).

Fig. 1 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 1. Calcite conellae on internal moulds of siphuncle of Middle Ordovician endocerids from Leningrad region of Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/1, conellae in remnants of nautiloid siphuncle endocones; in top (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and close up, lateral view (A3). B. GIN MPC 4/2, single conella on the surface of pointed end of the endocerid siphuncle (spiculum). C. GIN MPC 4/3, single conella on the surface of spiculum, both with longitudinal and horizontal lines; in lateral (C1) and anterior (adapertural) (C2) views. D. GIN MPC 4/4, group of conellae on the spiculum internal mould.

Fig. 4 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 4. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (body chambers) from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/9, typical conella of tepee-like shape. B. GIN MPC 4/10, conella of more complex shape, note irregular outline. C. GIN MPC 4/11, groups of sediment-filled conellae with different heights. D. GIN MPC 4/12, shape of the neighbouring conellae differ significantly. E. GIN MPC 4/13, lateral view of a single conella. F. GIN MPC 4/14, conellae on the ventral keel (body chamber), with seemingly two growth phases and a lower conella in front.

Fig. 8 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 8. Limonite conellae on the internal mould of Late Devonian orthoconic nautiloid (SNSB-BSPG 2014 XXI 81216) from Morocco. Overview on the preserved two specimens composed of five preserved chambers each (A1, A2), close up of limonitic conellae of different heights (A3, A4).

Fig. 2 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 2. Calcite conellae on Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] internal moulds from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/5, pair of calcite conellae on the last septum with partially preserved aragonite; A2, detail. B. GIN MPC 4/6, single calcite conella on internal mould of the last septum; B2, detail. C. GIN MPC 4/7, calcite conellae in the rear part of phosphorite internal mould of the body chamber.

Fig. 3 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 3. Calcite conellae on the area of annular elevation of Late Callovian Quenstedtoceras lamberti (Sowerby, 1819) [M] (GIN MPC 4/8) from Peski locality in the Moscow region, Russia. Overview of the specimen (A1), note the transition from phragmocone to body chamber at about the middle of the preserved outer whorl. Close-up of tightly packed aggregates of conellae (A2, A3).

Fig. 5 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 5. Difference in mean shell shape between an uninfected Bulinus tropicus (A), an infected B. tropicus (all types of infections collectively; B), and a B. tropicus infected by Petasiger sp. 5 (C). Each of the displayed specimens is the specimen nearest to the group mean in morphospace (Fig. 4). The differences in Procrustes shape coordinates among these specimens are visualized with vectors (vector length magnification = ×2.5).

Fig. 4 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation plot reconstructed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the Procrustes shape coordinates of 198 individuals of Bulinus tropicus from Lake Kasenda. Blue circles indicate uninfected specimens, orange symbols infected specimens, with ∇ = single infection by Echinoparyphium sp.; Δ = single infection by Austrodiplostomum sp. 2; □ = single infection by Plagiorchiida sp. I; ◊ = single infection by Petasiger sp. 5; ○ = any other infection. Filled symbols indicate the mean shape for each infection group, and the filled orange circle represents the mean of all trematode-infected snails. Vectors indicate the shape changes by any of these infection types compared to uninfected specimens. These differences are further illustrated in Fig. 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 3. Variation in centroid size (CS) of Bulinus tropicus shells depending on infection status. Median CS values are illustrated as thick lines within the boxes, first and third quartiles as the upper and lower hinges. The whiskers extend from the hinges to the highest or lowest values (for upper and lower whisker, respectively) within 1.5 x the inter-quartile range of the corresponding hinge (Wickham 2016). Each dot represents an individual snail.

Fig. 1 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 1. Illustration of a Bulinus shell with indication of our ten landmark points and four semi-landmark curves, numbered with roman numbers I to IV and indicating the original number of equidistant semi-landmarks between brackets. Shell height = 8 mm.

Fig. 2 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 2. Haplotype network of the 227 Bulinus tropicus specimens from Lake Kasenda that were barcoded for a fragment of COX1. Circle area is proportional to the number of specimens of each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 specimen, largest = 104). Single nucleotide polymorphisms between the haplotypes are represented by dashes on the connecting branches. For each haplotype the proportion of snails that are uninfected or infected (any trematode infection), as derived from RD-PCR results, is indicated in grey and white, respectively. Labels refer to the haplotypes used in Supplementary Table 3.

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Figure 1 in Convergent evolution of shell shape in freshwater limpets: the African genus Burnupia

Figure 1. General shell shape, size and chirality of the taxa studied. Shells are derived from the populations utilized here, but not necessarily from the specimen used for DNA work. The representative for the genus Burnupia is B. stenochorias. Scale bars = 2 mm.

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Figure 2 in Convergent evolution of shell shape in freshwater limpets: the African genus Burnupia

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogram for basommatophoran taxa based on 2423 nucleotide positions of combined COI and 18S rRNA sequences showing the 50% majority-rule consensuses of topologies sampled during the Bayesian search. The tree was rooted with the outgroup Acroloxus lacustris. The scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site according to the model of sequence evolution applied. Posterior probabilities are provided above the branches. Note that the topology of a maximum likelihood phylogram (not presented here) is identical with the Bayesian phylogram. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support (1000 replicates) is indicated below the branches. Family assignments follow Boss (1982). Ambiguous assignments are indicated by hatchings.