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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Figure 3 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 3. Seasonal dynamics of T. angulata larval forms in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.
Figure 2 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 2. Seasonal dynamics of T. angulata adult forms in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.
Figure 1 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 1. Phenology of T. angulata in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa, and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Abbreviations: T – teneral forms; Temp. – temperature inside nest (°C); WA – wintering adults; generation period (mean 60 days) (2008–2010). Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.
Figure 7 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 7. Chromatograph of the alarm pheromones of F. polyctena workers. The numbers in the chromatogram refer to the number of the chemicals in Table 3.
Figure 2 in Dark axils and nodes in various plant species may serve as defensive mimicry of beetle and beetle faeces
Figure 2. Brown nodal zones of indigenous grasses in Israel. (A) Avena sterilis, (B) Phalaris paradoxa, (C) Hordeum bulbosum. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Dark axils and nodes in various plant species may serve as defensive mimicry of beetle and beetle faeces
Figure 1. (A) Spring shoot of Lycium chinense with dark axils. (B) Faeces and faeces-covered Lema decempunctata larvae (white arrows). (C) Lema decempunctata larvae feeding on a Lycium chinense leaf. Scale bars: (A), (B) 10 mm, (C) 3 mm.
FIGURE 3. A in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 3. A visual description of a boxplot to illustrate how outliers are detected. Using this method, values above the maximum range or below the minimum range are considered outliers. The maximum range is defined as the upper quartile (Q3) plus 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR), while the minimum range is defined as the lower quartile (Q1) minus 1.5 times the IQR.
FIGURE 2. The 5 in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 2. The 5-step workflow for statistical hypothesis testing of morphological characters. Note that mensural and meristic data should be analyzed separately and that Step 4 should only be performed on mensural data. * = parametric tests; ** = nonparametric tests. The non-parametric tests shown here only serve as examples—the appropriate test should be selected based on which assumptions are violated. A companion R script that implements this workflow is provided in the Supplementary Material.
FIGURE 1 in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 1. Results of the meta-analysis on taxonomic papers focused on amphibians (top) and reptiles (bottom) published in the journal ZooKeys from 2008–2020. The analysis evaluated whether body size corrections or statistical analyses were performed on morphological data.
FIG. 2 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 2. Small aggregation of Goniosoma longipes on a cave wall at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, South-east Brazil. Note the overlapping of legs. Scale bar = 2 cm.
FIG. 1 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 1. Activity schedule of Goniosoma longipes at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, Southeast Brazil. The moon and the sun indicate dusk and dawn, respectively.
Choice of nest attributes as a frontline defense against brood parasitism
<p>Breeding- and nest-site choice is a behavioral strategy often used to counter negative interactions. Site choices prior to breeding prevents costs of predation and competition but has been neglected in the context of brood parasitism. For hosts of brood parasites, the earlier brood parasitism is prevented in the breeding cycle the lower the future costs. Suitable nest-sites for cavity-nesting common redstarts (<i><span>Phoenicurus phoenicurus</span></i><span>)</span>, a host of the common cuckoo (<i><span>Cuculus canorus</span></i>), are a limited resource, but their cavity-nesting strategy could potentially deter predators and brood parasites. We altered the entrance size of breeding cavities and investigated redstart nest site choice and its consequences to nest predation and brood parasitism risk, while accounting for potential interspecific competition for nest sites. We set-up paired nest-boxes and let redstarts choose between 7 cm and 5 cm entrance sizes. Additionally, we monitored occupancy rates in nest-boxes with 3 cm, 5 cm and 7 cm entrance sizes and recorded brood parasitism and predation events. We found that redstarts preferred to breed in 5 cm entrance size cavities, where brood parasitism was eliminated but nest predation rates were comparable to 7 cm entrance size cavities. Only in 3 cm cavities were both brood parasitism and predation rates reduced. In contrast to the other cavity-nesting species, redstart settlement was lowest in 3 cm entrance size cavities, potentially suggesting interspecific competition for small entrance size cavities. Nest site choice based on entrance size could be a front-line defense strategy that redstarts use to reduce brood parasitism.</p>
Figure 3 in REVIEW Evolution of macroglands and defensive mechanisms in Leiuperinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Figure 3. General features of skin of selected species. A, lumbar skin of Crossodactylodes itambe, showing type III serous glands (arrowhead). Masson–Goldner trichrome stain (M&G). Scale bar: 20 µm. B, lumbar skin of Physalaemus nanus, showing ordinary mucous glands (OMG) and type Ib serous gland (star) with its neck and duct (arrowhead). M&G. Scale bar: 20 µm. C, lumbar skin of Physalaemus erythros, showing the arrangement of type Ib serous glands (star), with their acini separated by connective tissue, with irregular profiles. Ordinary mucous glands are also indicated (arrows). M&G. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Figure 2 in REVIEW Evolution of macroglands and defensive mechanisms in Leiuperinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Figure 2. General features of skin of selected species. A, dorsal skin of Engystomops freibergi. Ordinary mucous glands (OMG) and type Ia serous glands (asterisk). Masson–Goldner trichrome stain. Scale bar: 20 µm. B, lumbar skin of Physalaemus albifrons. Eberth–Kastchenko (EK) layer in subglandular position (arrowhead). Von Kossa stain. Scale bar: 20 µm. C, lumbar skin of Pleurodema tucumanum. Ordinary mucous glands (OMG), type Ib serous glands (star) and EK layer (black arrowhead) only interrupted by smooth muscle cells (white arrowhead). Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Scale bar: 50 µm. D, lumbar skin of Physalaemus bokermanni. Arrangement of type Ib serous glands (star), with contiguous acini, dorsoventrally elongated. Ordinary mucous glands and type Ia serous glands (asterisk) are also visible. H&E. Scale bar: 100 µm. E, lumbar skin of Physalaemus aguirrei, showing EK layer (arrrow) developed underneath type Ib serous glands (star). Von Kossa stain. Scale bar: 20 µm. F, lumbar skin of Engystomops pustulosus, showing OMG, type Ia (asterisk), Ib (black star) and II serous glands (white stars). H&E. Scale bar: 100 µm. G, dorsal skin of Leptodactylus laticeps, showing type Ia serous glands (asterisk) and continuous EK layer (arrowhead).
Figure 1. A in REVIEW Evolution of macroglands and defensive mechanisms in Leiuperinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Figure 1. A, Pleurodema nebulosum. Absence of macrogland [character (char.) 0:0]; colour pattern similar to surrounding skin (chars 3:0; 4:0); and absence of eyespots (char. 5:0). B, Pleurodema tucumanum. Presence of patches of glandular tissue (char. 0:1); dark-brown colour pattern, contrasting with the surrounding skin (char. 3:2); colour pattern similar to surrounding skin in thighs (char: 4:0); and absence of eyespots (char. 5:0). C, Edalorhina perezi. Presence of flank gland (arrow; char. 2:1). Photograph: M. H. Yáñez-Muñoz. D, Pleurodema brachyops. Presence of macrogland in lumbar position (chars 0:2; 1:1); presence of bright colour (reddish) in lumbar region and thighs (chars 3:1; 4:1); and presence of one dark spot with small white pustules (char. 5:1). Photograph: J. Daza. E, Pleurodema borellii. Presence of macrogland in lumbar position (chars 0:2; 1:1); presence of bright colour (yellow) in lumbar region and thighs (chars 3:1; 4:1); and presence of various dark spots (char. 5:2). F, G, Physalaemus biligonigerus. Presence of macrogland in inguinal position (chars 0:2; 1:0); see the animal resting (F) and after being disturbed, starting the defensive display (G). H, Pleurodema bufoninum during full rear elevation (char. 12:2).
UV radiation affects anti-predatory defense traits in Daphnia pulex
In aquatic environments prey perceive predator threats by chemical cues called kairomones, which can induce changes in their morphology, life histories and behavior. Predator-induced defenses have allowed for prey, such as Daphnia pulex, to avert capture by common invertebrate predators, such as Chaoborus sp. larvae. However, the influence of additional stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), on the Daphnia-Chaoborus interaction is not settled as UVR may for instance deactivate the kairomone. In laboratory experiments, we investigated the combined effect of kairomones and UVR at ecologically relevant levels on induced morphological defenses of two D. pulex clones. We found that kairomones were not deactivated by UVR exposure. Instead, UVR exposure suppressed induced morphological defense traits of D. pulex juveniles under predation threat by generally decreasing the number of neckteeth and especially by decreasing the size of the pedestal beneath the neckteeth. UVR exposure also decreased the body length, body width, and tail spine length of juveniles, likely additionally increasing the vulnerability to Chaoborus predation. Our results suggest potential detrimental effects on fitness and survival of D. pulex subject to UVR-stress, with consequences on community composition and food web structure in clear and shallow water bodies.
Defense Resiliency Project (DRP) Alaska Community Hazard and Permafrost Mitigation Plans
<p>Hazard and Permafrost Mitigation Plans for Alaska communities to be included in the DRP study</p>
Chemical defense acquired via pharmacophagy can lead to protection from predation for conspecifics in a sawfly
<p>Predation is an important selection pressure acting on organisms, with organisms evolving diverse anti-predator strategies to combat it. One such strategy is chemical defense in which organisms either synthesize or extrinsically acquire defensive chemicals. Little is known about the intraspecific transfer of such chemicals and if such chemicals acquired from conspecifics can also serve as defense against predation. Here, we used adults of the turnip sawfly, <em>Athalia rosae</em>, which can acquire the plant chemicals 'clerodanoids' via pharmacophagy after exposure to the plant, <em>Ajuga reptans</em><em>. </em>We show that clerodanoid access mediates protection against predation by mantids for the sawflies. Moreover, even indirect access to clerodanoids, via nibbling on conspecifics that had access to the plant, resulted in protection against predation albeit to a lower degree than direct access. Furthermore, sawflies that had no direct access to clerodanoids were less consumed by mantids when they were grouped with conspecifics that had direct access. Most of such initially undefended sawflies could acquire clerodanoids from conspecifics that had direct access to the plant, although in low quantities. Together our results demonstrate that clerodanoids serve as chemical defense that can be intraspecifically transferred. Moreover, the presence of chemically defended individuals in a group can confer protection onto conspecifics that had no direct access to clerodanoids, suggesting a 'herd-protection' effect.</p>
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore
<p>Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, <em>Euphydryas phaeton </em>(Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata </em>(Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, <em>Parvoviridae</em>) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field-collected caterpillars using either <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native plant, <em>Chelone glabra </em>(Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher <em>in situ </em>viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the "vulnerable host" hypothesis) from a field-based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus-infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised, and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.</p>
Videos of nest defense against cuckoo egg-laying from 2013 to 2022
<p><span>As the first line of defense in avian brood parasitism, nest defense plays an important role in reducing nest parasitism and increasing host fitness. However, systematic studies on its effectiveness (i.e., on whether it successfully prevents cuckoo parasitism) are lacking. Based on 214 video recordings from 10 years of field observations, we evaluated the effectiveness of nest defenses of the Oriental reed warbler (<em>Acrocephalus</em> <em>orientalis</em>) in deterring common cuckoo (<em>Cuculus</em> <em>canorus</em>) parasitism. The results revealed that, under a breeding pair situation (≤ 2 host individuals), nest defenses of the warbler were hardly effective in resisting the egg-laying behavior of the cuckoo, and many of the cuckoos under attack were able to complete the parasitic process without being harmed. However, when hosts were ≥ 3 host individuals, the trigger value was reached, and the warbler was able to effectively thwart the cuckoo's parasitism and cause lethal damage to the cuckoo. This indicated that the host group was effective in resisting the cuckoo, which fully demonstrates the importance of cooperation and socially transmitted defenses among host neighbors in resisting cuckoo parasitism.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.