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Fig. 9. Compounds 4 and 5 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 9. Compounds 4 and 5 inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells. Compound 4 (A) influenced the expression of relative proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the relative levels of P-mTOR/mTOR (B) and P-AKT/AKT (C) were quantified. Compound 5 (D) influenced the expression of relative proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and the relative levels of P-mTOR/mTOR (E) and PAKT/AKT (F) were quantified. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ##p <0.01 and ###p <0.001, compared with the group untreated with LPS; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.

Fig. 7 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 7. HPLC separation chromatograms of 4, 4a, and 4b. Comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 4a and 4b.

Fig. 6 in Diverse undescribed compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. And their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effects of compounds 1–7 on cell viability. The concentrations of these compounds ranged from 10 to 100 μM. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. #p <0.001 vs. the control group; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 vs. the LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 8 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 8. Inhibitory effect of the isolated compounds (1–13) at concentrations of 10 μM on the mRNA levels of Tnf-α (A), Il-1β (B), and Il-6 (C) in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control drug. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 compared with the group untreated with LPS; **p <0.01 and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.

Fig. 6 in Eremophilane-type and xanthanolide-type sesquiterpenes from the aerial parts of Xanthium sibiricum and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 6. Optimized geometry of 3 at the B3LYP/6–31G (d) level in methanol, and the comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra of (6S,7S,9R,10R)-3a and (6R,7R,9S,10S)-3b.

Fig. 7 in Hyperforin: A natural lead compound with multiple pharmacological activities

Fig. 7. The mechanisms of anti-ischemic stroke activity, anti-diabetes activity, effect on cutaneous wound healing and treating hypertrophic scars and anti-obesity activity of hyperforin.

Fig. 2. a in Hyperforin: A natural lead compound with multiple pharmacological activities

Fig. 2. a: Cross-section of leaf with translucent gland; b: Paradermal section of leaf with translucent gland; c: The translucent and dark glands on leaf under dissecting microscope. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 8 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 8. Inhibitory effects of 1–32 against LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells. Mean ± SD of three replicates is shown. *p <0.05, *p <0.01 with the LPS group. ###p <0.001 with the control group.

Fig. 4 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 4. Key HMBC (arrows in blue) and 1 H– 1 H COSY (bold in black) correlations of undescribed compounds 1-13. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Guide isolation of guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Daphne tangutica maxim. And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 2. The molecular network of D. tangutica, in which chemical classification was achieved by MolNetEnhancer at the subclass level, except for the heteromonocyclic compounds classified at the molecular framework level.

Fig. 5 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of 5 on COX2 (A), iNOS (B) and NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation (C); effects of 18 on COX2 (D), iNOS (E) and NF-κB/p65 (F) nuclear translocation. Data represent Mean ± SD (n = 3). ***p <0.001 versus control group; ###p <0.001 versus LPS group.

Fig. 4 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 4. Effects of the compound 5 on the PGE2 (A) and TNF-α productions (B); effects of the compound 18 on the PGE2 (C) and TNF-α productions (D). The cells were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) 2 h and then for treated with the compounds (12.5, 25, 50 μM) for 24 h. PGE2 and TNF-α concentration in the supernatants were measured using ELISA. Dexamethasone was used as positive reference compound at the same concentration with compounds. Values re the mean ± SE of three determinations. ***p <0.001 compared with cells treated by LPS.

Fig. 4 in Monoterpenoid acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum hengshanense W. T. Wang with antiproliferative activities

Fig. 4. Antiproliferative activity of MAPs isolated from Hypericum hengshanense against five cancer cell lines (n = 3, ***p <0.001 and **p <0.01 compared with the control group, cisplatin (DDP) and taxol served as positive control).

Fig. 6 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Average fluorescence intensity of 5 (A) and 18 (B) by conducted immunofluorescence assay. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of 5 and 18 for 1 h, and then LPS-stimulated during 1 h. Data represent Mean ± SD (n = 3). ***p <0.001 versus control group; ###p <0.001 versus LPS group.

Fig. 5 in Lanostane triterpenoids from the fungus Physisporinus vitreus and their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production

Fig. 5. Effects of compound 2 on TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cell lines. *** denotes significant differences from the control group with P <0.001; ## and ### denote significant differences from LPS group with P <0.01 and 0.001, respectively. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Fig. 4 in Puerol and pueroside derivatives from Pueraria lobata and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 4. Effects of the tested compounds on the expression of inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The total RNA was extracted, and Real-time PCR was performed using specific primers to the mRNA expression of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B) and IL-6 (C). ##P <0.01 and ####P <0.0001, compared to the control group; *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001 and ****P <0.0001, compared to the LPS alone group.

Fig. 1 in Secondary metabolites from the underground parts of Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl. and their in vitro cytotoxic activities

Fig. 1. Structures of the compounds (1–12) isolated from the underground parts of V. sisymbriifolia.

Fig. 7 in Secotrijugins A D, four highly oxidized and rearranged limonoids from Trichilia sinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. Effects of 2 on NO production in LPS-stimulated zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish embryos were stimulated by LPS (10 μg/ml) with or without 2 (10, 30, and 100 μM) for 24 h. At 3 day post fertilization (dpf), the NO levels were measured by laser confocal microscope. Fluorescence intensity was quantified using Image J. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ###p <0.001 compared with LPS-untreated embryos, ***p <0.001, *p <0.05 compared with LPS-treated group.

Fig. 5 in Secotrijugins A D, four highly oxidized and rearranged limonoids from Trichilia sinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of 2 on iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. BV-2 cells were pretreated with 2 with 10, 30, and 100 μM for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS for 24 h, cells were harvested, and total protein was extracted. Protein band intensity was normalized to β-actin and was expressed as fold difference relative to the LPS group (down). ###p <0.001, compared with control, ***p <0.001; **p <0.01, *p <0.05, compared with LPS group.

Fig. 2 in Polyketides with antimicrobial activities from Penicillium canescens DJJ-1

Fig. 2. Two possible planar structures of 1 deduced on the basis of 1H–1H COSY and HMBC correlations.