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1,719 results for “Making”
Land Use Map of Vietnam (2018) used in the making of Vietnam Biomass Atlas
<p>Albertine Potter van Loon. (2018). <em>Land Use Map of Vietnam used in the making of Vietnam Biomass Atlas </em>[Raster file]. Available from Energydata.info Website: <a href="https://energydata.info/dataset/vietnam-biomass-atlas-2017">https://energydata.info/dataset/vietnam-biomass-atlas-2017</a> #VIETSE</p>
Plasticity in Collective Decision-Making for Robots: Creating Global Reference Frames, Detecting Dynamic Environments, and Preventing Lock-ins
<p>Swarm robots operate as autonomous agents and a swarm as a whole gets autonomous by its capability of collective decision-making.<br> Despite intensive research on models of<br> collective decision-making, the implementation in multi-robot systems is still challenging.<br> Here, we advance the state of the art by introducing more plasticity to the decision-making process and by increasing the task difficulty.<br> Most studies on large-scale multi-robot decision-making are limited to one instance of an iterated exploration-dissemination phase followed by successful and permanent convergence.<br> We investigate a dynamic environment that requires constant collective monitoring of option qualities.<br> Once a significant change in qualities is detected by the swarm, it has to collectively reconsider its previous decision accordingly.<br> This is only possible by preventing lock-ins, a global consensus state of no return.<br> In addition, we introduce a task of increased difficulty as the robots must locate themselves to assess the quality of an option.<br> Using local communication, swarm robots propagate hop-count information throughout the swarm to form a global reference frame.<br> We successfully validate our implementation in many swarm robot experiments concerning robustness to disruptions of the reference frame, scalability, and adaptivity to a dynamic environment.</p>
Figure 3. A in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 3. A pictorial representation of the Paraponyx stagnalis life cycle. (a) Eggs are laid on the abaxial side of the leaf. (b) Newly emerged first-instar larvae are feeding on the leaf tissue. (c,d) Larvae making the leaf shelter. (e) Folded leaf case in the rice leaf. (f) Tubular cases fall off the rice plant, floating on the water. (g) The rice case worm uses its legs to climb up adjacent plants. (h) Caterpillars feed on leaves. (i) Pupae adhere to the culms of rice paddy saplings via the lateral border of the cases, slightly above the water surface.
Figure 2 in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 2. Pictorial representation of the process of formation of a normal leaf shelter: (a) first leaf slit made by the first-instar rice case worm larva; (b) making of the second slit; (c) removal of the leaf tip, and rolling of the leaf portion between the first and second slits; (d) detachment of the tubular case from the remaining leaf. Tthe types of parasitised larval leaf shelter: Type 1 = folding of the leaf portion above the first leaf slit; Type 2 = folding of the leaf portion between the first and second cut; and Type 3 = removal of the leaf portion above the first cut and folding the leaf between the two leaf slits.
Figure 7 in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 7. Primary parasitoid: (a) Apanteles species. Hyperparasitoids: (b) Paraphylax species. (c) Elasmus species.
Figure 5 in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 5. Biology of Apanteles species. (a) Parasitoid larva near the host (Paraponyx stagnalis) larval remnant. (b) Parasitoid pupa with an emergence hole. (c) Parasitoid cocoon shelter in the rice leaf. (d) Parasitised P. stagnalis larval shelter in grass species Digitaria. (e) Parasitised rice case worm leaf shelter.
Figure 6 in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 6. Leaf shelter of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Tubular case of late-instar larva. (b,c) Tubular cases of early-instar larvae. (d) Caterpillar making leaf shelter. (e,f) Caterpillars' bright brownish-orange head protruding from the tubular case. (g) Silk covers the case's interior, storing a small layer of water.
Figure 4 in Making shelter for enemies: parasitoid-induced shelter-building behaviour in Paraponyx stagnalis
Figure 4. Biology of Paraponyx stagnalis. (a) Unparasitised late-instar P. stagnalis larva in a cut-open case. (b) Normal tubular case of P. stagnalis. (c) Newly formed P. stagnalis pupa in a cut-open case. (d) P. stagnalis pupa within the silken cocoon. (d) Adult P. stagnalis.
FIG. 4 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 4. The number of vertebrae (A) and basihyal teeth (B) reported by Stauffer (2020) for Cosby (CS; yellow), Indian Camp (ICC; blue), and Greenbrier (GB; green) Creeks. Vertebrae counts from peer-reviewed literature are also shown (see the supplement for sources), and, where appropriate, mean (triangle), mode (circle), and/or range (line) are indicated. The dashed line in panel B reflects values that were reported for basihyal tooth count from Cosby Creek in Stauffer (2020) but which were inconsistent with the requested data.
FIG. 1 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 1. Native distribution of Brook Trout (shaded gray area) in the United States and Canada, with Brook Trout used in our comparative analyses originating from survey locations located in panels A and B. The three streams in Long Island, NY, surveyed by Stauffer and King (2014) are shown in panel A. Panel B shows streams from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) surveyed by Weathers et al. (2019; circles) and Stauffer (2020; diamonds), with the three streams included in both studies symbolized with matching colors (Cosby Creek: yellow; Greenbrier Creek: green; Indian Camp Creek: blue). Streams included in Weathers et al. (2019) but not included in Stauffer (2020) are shown in gray circles.
FIG. 2 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 2. First two dimensions of principal components analysis (PCA) of ten meristic traits for five populations of SaLVELinUS. The populations analyzed included the three surveyed by Stauffer (2020) and Weathers et al. (2019) from Cosby (yellow), Greenbrier (green), and Indian Camp (blue) Creeks, collections from Weathers et al. (2019) for 35 additional streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP; gray), and three populations from Long Island, NY described by Stauffer and King (2014; red). Ellipses envelop 95% of variation for each population, and population centroids are indicated by a triangle.
Captains vs. All-Stars: Who makes better leaders?
<p>NBA play-by-play dataset</p>
Importance of Data Science in Decision Making
<p>Data Science is a rapidly growing field of study that not only focuses on understanding the data but also, on predicting the future outcomes by the method of data gathering and data analysis. Usingstatistical methods to find patterns in data, we can turn an outcome in our favor by adjusting our actions and responses accordingly. In this paper, we investigate how decision-making process is leveraged with the help of data science in various fields and the ethical issues involved for the same. We also discuss how data science can foster better controlling, administering, regulating, directing and executing aspects of decision-making. This paper would ultimately serve as a reference material for individuals and organizations willing to understand the importance of data science in decision making process.</p> <p> </p>
Distinct neural population code and causal roles of primate caudate nucleus in multimodal decision-making
<p>To replicate the results in the paper, you should:</p> <ol> <li>Download and then gunzip the dataset.</li> <li>Download the analysis code at https://github.com/ZacZeng/CN-causally-contributes-to-MSDM.</li> <li>Run code as the README in Git says to get figures in the preprint paper (<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610907v1">Distinct neural manifolds and critical roles of primate caudate nucleus in multimodal decision-making | bioRxiv</a>).</li> </ol>
Social life cycle sustainability assessment of dried tomato products based on material and process selection through multi-criteria decision making
<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> <p>Tomatoes are a significant product of the Mediterranean region and a crucial component of the Mediterranean diet. The formulation of dried tomato products enriched with proteins and bioactive compounds could be a strategic approach to promote adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Six different novel tomato products were analyzed using different protein enrichment sources (pea proteins and leaf proteins) and drying technologies (hot-air dryer, microwave vacuum dryer, and conventional dryer). The novelty of this approach lies in combining product-specific criteria with global societal factors across their life cycles. Using 21 criteria and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) survey of experts, the social sustainability score for each product was determined through a multi-criteria assessment.</p> <h3>RESULTS</h3> <p>The tomato product's life cycles have minimal regional impacts on unemployment, access to drinking water, sanitation, or excessive working hours. However, they affect discrimination, migrant labor, children's education, and access to hospital beds significantly. The study identified nutritional quality as the top criterion, with the most sustainable design being a tomato bar enriched with pea protein and processed using microwave vacuum drying.</p> <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> <p>The study revealed that integrating sensory and nutrient compounds into social sustainability assessments improves food sustainability and provides a practical roadmap for social life cycle assessments of food products. It emphasized the importance of considering global social issues when reformulating Mediterranean products to ensure long-term adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Incorporating social factors into sustainability scores can also enhance the effectiveness of product information for conscious customers. © 2024 The Author(s). <em>Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</em> published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</p>
Data from: Genetic erosion in wild populations makes resistance to a pathogen more costly
Populations that have suffered from genetic erosion are expected to exhibit reduced average trait values or decreased variation in adaptive traits when experiencing periodic or emergent stressors such as infectious disease. Genetic erosion may consequentially modify the ability of a potential host population to cope with infectious disease emergence. We experimentally investigate this relationship between genetic variability and host response to exposure to an infectious agent both in terms of susceptibility to infection and indirect parasite-mediated responses that also impact fitness. We hypothesized that the deleterious consequences of exposure to the pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) would be more severe for tadpoles descended from European tree frog (Hyla arborea) populations lacking genetic variability. Although all exposed tadpoles lacked detectable infection, we detected this relationship for some indirect host responses, predominantly in genetically depleted animals, as well as an interaction between genetic variability and pathogen dose on lifespan during the post-metamorphic period. Lack of infection and a decreased mass and post-metamorphic lifespan in low genetic diversity tadpoles lead us to conclude that genetic erosion, while not affecting the ability to mount effective resistance strategies, also erodes the capacity to invest in resistance, increased tadpole growth rate and metamorphosis relatively simultaneously.
Data from: Demography, traits, and vulnerability to urbanization: can we make generalizations?
1. Human-induced land cover change threatens species diversity and ecosystem services. The rapid pace of current change makes predicting species' declines imperative, but leaves little time for thorough study of all species. One solution is to make generalizations about species' vulnerability to urbanization based on traits common among studied species in decline. 2. To date, most generalizations about traits associated with species' declines in response to urbanization are based on presence or abundance, or detailed studies of a few species. If these generalizations broadly reflect responses to urbanization, they should hold across the mechanisms driving patterns of abundance, such as survival or reproduction. 3. Across 68 bird species in the northeastern USA, we investigated how food preference, nest location, habitat preference, migration distance, number of broods, clutch size, body mass, and an interaction between urbanization and these traits affected survival and reproduction. 4. Mass was the strongest predictor of survival, followed by number of broods, migration distance, and nest location. Nest location was the strongest predictor of reproduction, followed by migration distance. No interaction between urbanization and species' traits affected survival; however, differences in response to urbanization among species with different food preferences, migration distances, masses, nest locations, and number of broods were important in predicting reproduction. 5. Synthesis and applications. We found that some traits influenced demographic rates even though they were not associated with urbanization; identifying differences in species' baseline demographic rates, irrespective of urbanization, is needed to guide management objectives. Reproduction, but not survival, was influenced by urbanization, suggesting that management in our region of study should target increasing suitable nest sites and reducing nest predation. Determining traits associated with demographic rates and urbanization across broad geographic extents can provide new insights for species' management, and help guide conservation initiatives.
Early social deprivation shapes neuronal programming of the social decision-making network in a cooperatively breeding fish
The early social environment an animal experiences may have pervasive effects on its behaviour. The Social Decision-Making network (SDMN), consisting of interconnected brain nuclei from the forebrain and midbrain, is involved in the regulation of behaviours during social interactions. In species with advanced sociality such as cooperative breeders, offspring are exposed to a large number and a great diversity of social interactions every day of their early life, which may have life-long consequences on the development of several neurophysiological systems within the SDMN, although these effects are largely unknown. We studied these life-long effects in a cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus pulcher, focusing on the expression in the SDMN of genes involved in the monoaminergic and stress response systems. N. pulcher fry were raised until an age of two months either with their parents, subordinate helpers and same clutch siblings (+F), or with same clutch siblings only (-F). Analysis of the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralcorticoid receptors (MR), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), dopamine receptors 1 and 2, serotonin transporter (SERT) and DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1) genes showed that early social experiences altered the neurogenomic state of the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. The dopamine receptor 1 gene was up-regulated in the POA of -F fish, compared to +F fish. -F fish also showed up-regulation of GR1 expression in the dorsal medial telencephalon (homologous to the basolateral amygdala). Our results suggest that early social environment has life-long effects on the development of several neurophysiological systems within the SDMN. --
Data from: Developing state and transition models of floodplain vegetation dynamics as a tool for conservation decision-making: a case study of the Macquarie Marshes Ramsar wetland
1. Floodplain vegetation states (communities) exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation structure and composition, which reflect unique hydrological and connectivity patterns. Shifts in inundation regimes can drive succession and establish new stable states, determined by the magnitude and duration of the hydrological perturbation. 2. We aimed to develop a modelling approach that is able to capture ecosystem dynamics, identify and quantify the main drivers of change, and provide a tool for conservation decision-making. We developed state and transition models for floodplain vegetation states based on surveys in 1991 and 2008 in the Macquarie Marshes (Australia), a Ramsar wetland of international importance. We used a Bayesian logistic regression approach to model state and transitions between vegetation states and investigated how flood frequency, distance to stream and fire frequency were associated with vegetation dynamics during this period. 3. During 1991–2008, significant transitions have occurred towards drier states. Semi-permanent wetland vegetation had the lowest persistence probability (ppsis = 0·456) and a significant threshold response of transitioning to terrestrial vegetation (ptran = 0·505). Transition to drier states was driven by lower inundation probabilities followed by increased fire probability, and distance to nearest stream. 4. Using developed models, we predicted persistence probabilities of vegetation states under an unregulated (i.e. no dams or diversions) and regulated water availability system. Under a regulated system, semi-permanent wetland vegetation had an average persistence of ppsis = 0. 67 and 0·08 in the northern and southern sections of the nature reserve, respectively. Under an unregulated system, the predicted persistence of semi-permanent wetland vegetation was considerably higher: ppsis = 0·87 and 0·38, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing quantitative models of state transitions significantly improved our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, identifying sensitive indicators for monitoring and thus supporting conservation decision-making. This helps managers understand potential trajectories of change in ecosystems in response to management options. For example, increasing environmental flows in the Macquarie Marshes is predicted to shift the community towards more of a wetland than the terrestrial state, resulting from river regulation. State and transition models identified how key ecological assets respond to drivers of change, particularly where these can be managed. This is critical for ensuring that all ecosystem components are managed and that these do not shift into undesirable states.
Data from: Hierarchical decision-making balances current and future reproductive success
Parental decisions in animals are often context-dependent and shaped by fitness trade-offs between parents and offspring. For example, the selection of breeding habitats can considerably impact the fitness of both offspring and parents, and therefore parents should carefully weigh the costs and benefits of available options for their current and future reproductive success. Here we show that resource-use preferences are shaped by a trade-off between parental effort and offspring safety in a tadpole-transporting frog. In a large-scale in-situ experiment, we investigated decision-strategies across an entire population of poison frogs that distribute their tadpoles across multiple water bodies. Pool use followed a dynamic and sequential selection process and transportation became more efficient over time. Our results point to a complex suite of environmental variables that are considered during offspring deposition, which necessitates a highly dynamic and flexible decision-making process in tadpole-transporting frogs.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.