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Fig. 8. Forrestline F suppressed LPSinduced inflammatory activity through Nrf2 in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 8. Forrestline F suppressed LPSinduced inflammatory activity through Nrf2 pathways and promoted the LPSinduced nuclear translocation of Nrf2. (A–B) The cells were exposed to forrestline F (5, 10, 20 μM) for 3 h and cultured with LPS for 24 h, except for the control group. The protein expression of Keap-1/Nrf2 pathway was determined by western blotting and the quantifications of protein expression were performed by Image J. (C) The inhibitory effect of forrestline F (20 μM) on the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 induced by LPS via confocal laser scanning microscopy, in conjunction with nuclear DAPI stain (scale bar: 50 μM). The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n = 3. ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 5. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 5. Forrestline F reduced LPS-induced the pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. (A)The chemical structure of forrestline F. (B) Cell viability rate of RAW264.7 cells treated with concentration gradient of forrestline F (0–100 μM) in the presence or absence of LPS (0.5 μg/mL) for 24 h. (C) The NO inhibition curve of forrestline F, with an IC50 of 9.57 ± 1.34 μM. (D–F) Effects of forrestline F on productions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. (G–I) The protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 was determined by western blotting. The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n = 3. ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 1 in Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of emodin and its analogues [Emodin (R1 = OH; R2 = CH3); Rhein (R1 = H; R2 = COOH); Chrysophanol (R1 = H; R2 = CH3); Aloeemodin (R1 = H; R2 = CH2OH); Physcion (R1 = OCH3; R2 = CH3)].

Fig. 6 in Euphorfinoids E-L: Diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity

Fig. 6. Post-docking interactions between active residues of AChE with compound 1. (A) the protein was depicted in surface view and ligands as stick in the binding pocket. (B) schematic drawing of types of interactions of the ligands generated using ligplot.

Fig. 7. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 7. Forrestline F decreased LPS-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. (A) Cells were cultured with LPS for 12 h after treated with forrestline F (5, 10 and 20 μM) for 3 h, except the control group and the group only treated with LPS. After cells were incubated with DCFH-DA (10 μM) for 20 min, images were acquired with a fluorescence microscope (scale bar: 200 μM). (B) The cells were processed in the same way as above, and collected to flow tube and monitored by the flow cytometry. (C) Statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity of DCFH-DA. (D–E) For the measurement of MMP, JC-1 fluorescent dyes were loaded for 20 min and images were acquired with flow cytometry. The values are presented as mean SD of three independent experiments, n 3. ###p <0.001, vs. ± = the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 6. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 6. Forrestline F reduced LPS-induced inflammatory activity through the NF-κB/MAPK pathways and blocked the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. (A–B) The cells were exposed to forrestline F (5, 10 and 20 μM) for 3 h and cultured with LPS for 24 h, except for the control group. The protein expression of NF-κB pathway was determined by western blotting and the quantification of protein expression was performed by Image J. (C) The inhibitory effect of forrestline F on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS via confocal laser scanning microscopy, in conjunction with nuclear DAPI stain (scale bar: 50 μM). (D–E) Protein expression of MAPK pathway, including p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 and p-JNK1/2, was measured by western blotting. The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n 3 ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 2 in Glycosylated constituents isolated from the trunk of Abies holophylla and their anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic activity

Fig. 2. Key COSY (blue bold), HMBC (red arrow), and NOESY (green dashed arrow) correlations of previously undescribed compounds 1–11. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Glycosylated constituents isolated from the trunk of Abies holophylla and their anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic activity

Fig. 5. Stereochemical assignment of C-2 in 9 and 10 via two different empirical rules. (A) 13C NMR chemical shifts values of C-1, C-2, C-3, and C-1′ in 9 and 10 (top), and (R)- and (S)-PG (bottom) and their differences [δ(R–S)]. (B) 1H NMR chemical shift value of H-1 in 9 and 10 (left) and (R)- and (S)-OG and (R)- and (S)-EG (right).

Fig. 5 in Guaianolide sesquiterpenes and benzoate esters from the aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. and their xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity

Fig. 5. Predicted binding pose of compounds 1–12 and allopurinol into XO (A–M), active site of XO/oxipurinol (N, blue square), best binding pose of compounds 9 (pink) and 10 (blue) with XO (O). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Glycosylated constituents isolated from the trunk of Abies holophylla and their anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic activity

Fig. 3. Extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of chiral derivatized monosaccharides purchased or obtained by hydrolysis of isolated compounds. (A) D- and L-allopyranose (m/z 447.1260). (B) D- and L-apiofuranose (m/z 417.1154). (C) L- and D-rhamnopyranose (m/z 431.1311). (D) D- and L-glucopyranose (m/z 447.1260). (E) L- and D-arabinopyranose (m/z 417.1154). All, allopyranose. Api, apiofuranose. Rha, rhamnopyranose. Glc, glucopyranose. Ara, arabinopyranose. See the Materials and methods section below for detailed derivatization procedures.

Fig. 8 in Guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from Cinnamomum migao H. W. Li: And their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 8. Inhibitory effect of compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 against the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) (A). IC50 values of compounds 3 and 7 against TNF-α (B). The data are presented as means ± SEM in each treatment, with replicates.

Fig. 5 in Hygroline derivatives from Schizanthus tricolor and their anti-trypanosomatid and antiplasmodial activities

Fig. 5. Key HMBC (blue arrows), ROESY (green arrows) correlations and selected coupling constants (red dashed arrow) of compound 19. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 6. The effect on the expression of Nrf2-regulated gene by compounds in PC12 cells transfected with ARE-luciferase expression plasmid, measured with a Firefly Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay Kit. Data are presented as the means ± SD from three independent tests.

Fig. 2 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 2. (a) HMBC (→) and 1H–1H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compound 1, (b) ORTEP drawing of compound 1.

Fig. 4 in Hygroline derivatives from Schizanthus tricolor and their anti-trypanosomatid and antiplasmodial activities

Fig. 4. Key HMBC (blue arrows), ROESY (green arrows) correlations and selected coupling constants (red dashed arrow) of compounds 1 and 3. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5. Compounds 2 and 17 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 5. Compounds 2 and 17 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the capsaicin mediated activation of TRPV1 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells. (A) Inhibition rate by compounds on the capsaicin mediated activation of TRPV1 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells. Compounds 1, 2, and 17 were evaluated at the concentration of 10 μM, the other compounds were evaluated at the concentration of 100 μM. (B) Activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin (0.5 μM), and inhibition of TRPV1 current by compound 2. Data are presented as the means ± SEM from three independent tests.

Fig. 1 in Hygroline derivatives from Schizanthus tricolor and their anti-trypanosomatid and antiplasmodial activities

Fig. 1. LC-HRMS chromatogram of the alkaloid fraction of S. tricolor (for sake of clarity m/z values are shown without decimal).

Fig. 4 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 4. (a) HMBC (→) and 1 H– 1 H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compounds 10 and 11, (b) key NOESY () correlations of compounds 10 and 11.

Fig. 6 in Prenylated C -C derivatives from the stems and branches of Illicium ternstroemioides A. C. Smith with antiviral activity

Fig. 6. The experimental ECD spectra of 2, 6, and 8 (red) and the calculated ECD spectra of 2, 6, and 8 (red dash and blue dash). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 13 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 13. Cytotoxicity of 19 against KB, A-549, HCT-116, and HepG2 cell lines (IC50 in μM) and cytotoxicity of 39 against HL-60 cell lines (GI50 in μM).