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opennotspecifiedApr 2023View details →

Fig. 6 in Megastigmane glycosides from Streblus ilicifolius (S.Vidal) Corner and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Average fluorescence intensity of 5 (A) and 18 (B) by conducted immunofluorescence assay. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with various concentrations of 5 and 18 for 1 h, and then LPS-stimulated during 1 h. Data represent Mean ± SD (n = 3). ***p <0.001 versus control group; ###p <0.001 versus LPS group.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Puerol and pueroside derivatives from Pueraria lobata and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 4. Effects of the tested compounds on the expression of inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The total RNA was extracted, and Real-time PCR was performed using specific primers to the mRNA expression of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B) and IL-6 (C). ##P <0.01 and ####P <0.0001, compared to the control group; *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001 and ****P <0.0001, compared to the LPS alone group.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 7 in Secotrijugins A D, four highly oxidized and rearranged limonoids from Trichilia sinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. Effects of 2 on NO production in LPS-stimulated zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish embryos were stimulated by LPS (10 μg/ml) with or without 2 (10, 30, and 100 μM) for 24 h. At 3 day post fertilization (dpf), the NO levels were measured by laser confocal microscope. Fluorescence intensity was quantified using Image J. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ###p <0.001 compared with LPS-untreated embryos, ***p <0.001, *p <0.05 compared with LPS-treated group.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 5 in Secotrijugins A D, four highly oxidized and rearranged limonoids from Trichilia sinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of 2 on iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. BV-2 cells were pretreated with 2 with 10, 30, and 100 μM for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS for 24 h, cells were harvested, and total protein was extracted. Protein band intensity was normalized to β-actin and was expressed as fold difference relative to the LPS group (down). ###p <0.001, compared with control, ***p <0.001; **p <0.01, *p <0.05, compared with LPS group.

Fig. 10. Compounds 1–8 in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 10. Compounds 1–8 inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. A: The expression of relative proteins related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways involved inflammation, including PI3K, NF-κB (p65), and AKT RAW 264.7 cells. B–D: The relative levels of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/ AKT, and p-p65/p65 were quantified (mean ± SD. ###p <0.001, compared with the group untreated with LPS; *p <0.05, **p <0.01 and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.).

Fig. 5. A in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. A: Analysis of modified Mosher's method for 1. Δδ values (in ppm) = δS MTPA esters (1a) and (R)-MTPA esters (1b) at H-12.

Fig. 9 in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 9. Effects of Compounds 1–8 on the NO production and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with Compounds 1–8 for 2 h and then stimulated with 1 μg/mL LPS for additional 24 h. A: The effect of Compounds 1–8 on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells. B: The inhibitory effect of Compounds 1–8 on LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. C: Western blot of the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. D–E: Quantitative densitometry analysis of iNOS/β-actin and COX-2/β-actin (mean ± SD. ###p <0.001, compared with the group untreated with LPS; *p <0.05, **p <0.01 and ***p <0.001 compared with the group treated with LPS.).

Fig. 8. A in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 8. A: Regression analysis of experimental vs. calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts of (6R, 7S, 11R)-8; B: DP4 probability analysis for (6R*, R*, 11R*)-8 (6R*, + 7, 7R*, 11S*)-8, (6R*, 7S*, 11R*)-8 and (6R*, 7S*, 11S*)-8 at the PCM-mPW1PW91/6-31G (d, p) level.

Fig. 7. A in Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. A: Experimental circular dichroism spectrum of the in situ formed Mo2(OAc)4-complex of Compound 7; B: Conformational analysis of the Mo complex of 7. The active Cotton effect of the complex at 301 nm suggests that the favoured conformation is the S-configuration at C-2′.

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 6 in Cassane-type diterpenes from roots of Pterolobium macropterum and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effect of 3 and 10 on the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein. The purity of 3 and 10 is 99% and 98%, respectively, determined with NMR spectra.

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 5 in Cassane-type diterpenes from roots of Pterolobium macropterum and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. ORTEP diagram of 8. Letters A and B indicate the doubly disordered carbonyl oxygen sites A and B with respective occupancy factors 0.77 and 0.23.

Fig. 1 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 1. Structures of undescribed compounds (1, 3, 4, 10, 13, and 24) and biologically active compounds (11 and 22).

Fig. 5 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. (a) 1H NMR comparison of 24 and 25 (400 MHz, methanol-d). The chemical shifts of H-4a and H-4b (in the yellow box) showed significant difference 4 between 24 and 25. (b) 1H–1H COSY and HMBC key correlations of 24. (c) Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 24. (d) Molecular network of the E. angolense butanol fractions (B1–B5). The network showed a cluster containing catechin derivatives. Nodes are labelled with parent ion mass (negative mode) and connected by edges which represent the structural similarity based on MS/MS fragmentation pattern. GNPS library hits are labelled in red. Even though the m/z 451 node did not have reliable GNPS library hits, the connected edges suggested that this ion could be a structurally related catechin derivative. Later, an undescribed catechin glucoside (24) was isolated from the fraction B2 and supported that GNPS helps to find undescribed structures in the species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Chemical constituents of Entandrophragma angolense and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 7. Effects of 1–25 on nitric oxide production, cytotoxicity, and iNOS expression in LPS-treated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. (a) NO inhibition (%) at 1 μM and cytotoxicity (%) at 100 μM of the compounds. Compounds showing 60–80% NO inhibition and <20% cytotoxicity (blue circle) were selected. (b) Western blotting of iNOS protein. For compounds 11, 14, and 22–25, total cellular proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes to detect murine iNOS and β-actin (internal control) for the normalization of iNOS protein expression. The increase/decrease of iNOS/β-actin ratio (%) was expressed relative to the control group (containing LPS only, lane 2). Compounds 11 and 22 reduced LPS-induced iNOS protein levels. The western blot analysis was performed in duplicate experiments. (c)–(e) EC50 fitting curves and cell viability (%) of 11, 22, and EGCG at concentrations of 200.0, 100.0, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.3, and 3.1 μM EC50 values of 11, 22, and EGCG were estimated to be 81.3, 137.4, and 44.6 μM, respectively. Cell viability (%) was 86.4, 73.8, and 56.7% at the highest concentration, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Hyjapones A D, trimethylated acyphloroglucinol meroterpenoids from Hypericum japonicum thunb. With anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effects of compound 6 on the NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with various concentrations of compound 6 (5, 10, 20, 40 μM) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ns: no significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 vs LPS group.

Fig. 5. A in Hyjapones A D, trimethylated acyphloroglucinol meroterpenoids from Hypericum japonicum thunb. With anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. A. Effect of compound 6 on the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. B. Effect of compound 6 on the expression level of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of compound 6 (5, 10, 20, 40 μM) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 vs LPS group.

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

Fig. 4 in Lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 4. (a) Key 1H–1H COSY () and selected HMBC correlations (H→C) of 7; (b) Key NOESY correlations of 7.

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and their anti-inflammatory activities

Fig. 2. (a) Key 1H–1H COSY () and selected HMBC correlations (H→C) of 1; (b) Key NOESY correlations of 1.

Fig. 6 in Meroterpenoids from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03-2 and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 6. Effect of compound 4 on LPS-stimulated protein iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 versus the control group. *p <0.05, **p <0.01 versus the LPS group.

Fig. 5 in Meroterpenoids from the fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum GZU-XW03-2 and their anti-inflammatory activity

Fig. 5. Effects of compound 4 on COX-2 (A), IL-6 (B) and IL-1β (C) release from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). ###p <0.001 versus the control group. *p <0.05, **p <0.01 versus the LPS group.