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Fig. 5. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 5. Forrestline F reduced LPS-induced the pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. (A)The chemical structure of forrestline F. (B) Cell viability rate of RAW264.7 cells treated with concentration gradient of forrestline F (0–100 μM) in the presence or absence of LPS (0.5 μg/mL) for 24 h. (C) The NO inhibition curve of forrestline F, with an IC50 of 9.57 ± 1.34 μM. (D–F) Effects of forrestline F on productions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. (G–I) The protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 was determined by western blotting. The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n = 3. ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 6 in Euphorfinoids E-L: Diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity

Fig. 6. Post-docking interactions between active residues of AChE with compound 1. (A) the protein was depicted in surface view and ligands as stick in the binding pocket. (B) schematic drawing of types of interactions of the ligands generated using ligplot.

Fig. 7. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 7. Forrestline F decreased LPS-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. (A) Cells were cultured with LPS for 12 h after treated with forrestline F (5, 10 and 20 μM) for 3 h, except the control group and the group only treated with LPS. After cells were incubated with DCFH-DA (10 μM) for 20 min, images were acquired with a fluorescence microscope (scale bar: 200 μM). (B) The cells were processed in the same way as above, and collected to flow tube and monitored by the flow cytometry. (C) Statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity of DCFH-DA. (D–E) For the measurement of MMP, JC-1 fluorescent dyes were loaded for 20 min and images were acquired with flow cytometry. The values are presented as mean SD of three independent experiments, n 3. ###p <0.001, vs. ± = the control group; **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 6. Forrestline F in Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium forrestii var. viride and their anti-inflammation activity

Fig. 6. Forrestline F reduced LPS-induced inflammatory activity through the NF-κB/MAPK pathways and blocked the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. (A–B) The cells were exposed to forrestline F (5, 10 and 20 μM) for 3 h and cultured with LPS for 24 h, except for the control group. The protein expression of NF-κB pathway was determined by western blotting and the quantification of protein expression was performed by Image J. (C) The inhibitory effect of forrestline F on the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS via confocal laser scanning microscopy, in conjunction with nuclear DAPI stain (scale bar: 50 μM). (D–E) Protein expression of MAPK pathway, including p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 and p-JNK1/2, was measured by western blotting. The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, n 3 ###p <0.001, vs. the control group; ***p <0.001, vs. LPS-stimulated group.

Fig. 6 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 6. The effect on the expression of Nrf2-regulated gene by compounds in PC12 cells transfected with ARE-luciferase expression plasmid, measured with a Firefly Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay Kit. Data are presented as the means ± SD from three independent tests.

Fig. 2 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 2. (a) HMBC (→) and 1H–1H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compound 1, (b) ORTEP drawing of compound 1.

Fig. 5. Compounds 2 and 17 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 5. Compounds 2 and 17 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the capsaicin mediated activation of TRPV1 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells. (A) Inhibition rate by compounds on the capsaicin mediated activation of TRPV1 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells. Compounds 1, 2, and 17 were evaluated at the concentration of 10 μM, the other compounds were evaluated at the concentration of 100 μM. (B) Activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin (0.5 μM), and inhibition of TRPV1 current by compound 2. Data are presented as the means ± SEM from three independent tests.

Fig. 4 in Isolation, identification, and activity evaluation of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum sinomontanum

Fig. 4. (a) HMBC (→) and 1 H– 1 H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compounds 10 and 11, (b) key NOESY () correlations of compounds 10 and 11.

Fig. 13 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 13. Cytotoxicity of 19 against KB, A-549, HCT-116, and HepG2 cell lines (IC50 in μM) and cytotoxicity of 39 against HL-60 cell lines (GI50 in μM).

Fig. 12 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 12. Cytotoxicity of some Cephalotaxus troponoids against A-549, HeLa, and SGC-7901 cell lines (IC50 in μM).

Fig. 11 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 11. Cytotoxicity of some Cephalotaxus troponoids against A-549 and HL-60 cell lines (IC50 in μM).

Fig. 10 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 10. Cytotoxicity of compounds 2, 20, 21, and 25 against A-549, KB, HL-60 and HT-29 cells (IC50 in μM).

Fig. 14 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 14. Brief summary of the antitumor structure–activity relationships (SARs) of cephalotane diterpenoids.

Fig. 1 in Progress in structure, synthesis and biological activity of natural cephalotane diterpenoids

Fig. 1. Distributions of reported cephalotane diterpenoids in the different species of the Cephalotaxus genus.

Fig. 5 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots

Fig. 5. Cytotoxic activities of transformed E. lathyris root extract in human carcinoma and embryonic cell lines. a) DU-145 (prostate) b) HeLa (cervix) c) MCF-7 (breast) d) MDA-MB-231 (breast) e) and H2347 (lung) were treated with DMSO (carrier), or increasing concentrations of transformed root MeOH extracts (31.3 μg/ml, 52.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml). Titer-Glo® (Promega) was used to count cell lines 48 h post-treatment. Each dose and timepoint was performed in triplicate. Asterisks indicate statistical significance in comparison to carrier (DMSO) control assessed by one-way ANOVA (**,P <0.01; *,P <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots

Fig. 1. Establishment and culture maintenance of transformed E. lathyris roots. (a) Stem explants of 3-week-old greenhouse grown plants were used for co-culture with A. rhizogenes. (b) Roots emerged from callus at the site of infection after 2–3 weeks.(c) Adventitious roots displaying the characteristic of the "hairy root" phenotype. (d) Growth characteristics of the isogenic root line used in this study on agar media and in (e) liquid media.

Fig. 2 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots

Fig. 2. Base peak chromatograms of transformed E. lathyris roots compared to wild-type plant roots and aerial parts with putatively assigned metabolites that are structurally related to ingenol.

Fig. 4 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots

Fig. 4. Bioinformatic analysis and chemical elicitation of early diterpenoid biosynthetic genes expressed in transformed E. lathyris roots. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of (a) ElFPS and (b) ElGGPS highlighting two conserved aspartate-rich domains [DDxx(xx)D]. (c) Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of ElCS highlighting a conserved [DDxxD] motif that is essential to the cyclization functionalities of terpene synthases. (d) Time course of E. lathyris diterpenoid biosynthetic gene transcript levels in transformed root cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate. Asterisks indicate statistical significance in comparison to 0 h control assessed by one-way ANOVA (**,P <0.01; *,P <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Ent-clerodane and ent-trachylobane diterpenoids from Croton dictyophlebodes

Fig. 4. Calculated (ent- and normal series) and experimental ECD spectra for compounds 1, 5, 7 and 8.

Fig. 3 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots

Fig. 3. The MS/MS (fragmentation) data of m/z 477.2732 aided in the putative assignment of compound 8 as 15-O-acetyl-3-O-iso-butyryljolkinol-5β,6β-oxide. The fragmentation structures and m/z values correspond to each other (i.e. structures and peaks A-D).