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171 results for “hermaphroditism”
Data from: Natural hybridization between divergent lineages in a selfing hermaphroditic fish
By definition, mating between individuals is infrequent in highly selfing organisms, and so too, therefore, hybridization should be rare between genetically divergent lineages in predominantly self-fertilizing species. Notwithstanding these expectations, here we report a remarkable case of natural hybridization between highly diverged phylogeographic lineages of the mangrove rivulus, a small killifish that reproduces predominantly by self-fertilization and typically is found as highly homozygous lines in most parts of its extensive geographic range. Two distinctive genetic lineages (Kryptolebias marmoratus and a "Central clade" closely related to K. hermaphroditus) previously were not known in sympatry, but were found by us to co-occur on San Salvador, Bahamas. Genetic analyses of a mitochondrial and multiple nuclear markers determined the direction of a cross producing a hybrid fish. Furthermore, we show that this hybrid individual was viable, as it successfully reproduced by self-fertilization for two generations. Additional sampling of this population will be necessary to determine if backcrossing of hybrids to the parental lineages occurs in nature and to analyze whether such backcross progeny are viable. Application of the biological species concept (BSC) is traditionally difficult in clonally reproducing organisms. Our results show that although mangrove rivulus fish are mostly highly selfing in nature (resulting in isogenic, effectively clonal and homozygous progeny), classification within this taxonomic complex need not be incompatible with the BSC.
FIGURES 11–19 in On two species of the spider genus Sphecozone O. P. - Cambridge and a case of hermaphroditism in Sphecozone personata (Simon, 1864) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 11–19. Sphecozone personata: (11–13) Male: (11) dorsal, (12) ventral, (13) frontal. (14, 15) Female: (14) dorsal, (15) ventral. (16–19) Hermaphrodite specimen: (16) ventral, (17) epigynum, detail, (18) palp, detail, (19) frontal.
FIGURES 1–10 in On two species of the spider genus Sphecozone O. P. - Cambridge and a case of hermaphroditism in Sphecozone personata (Simon, 1864) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 1–10. Sphecozone rostrata: (1, 2) Male palp: (1) ectal, (2) mesal. (3, 4) Epigynum: (3) ventral, (4) dorsal, cleared. (5) Male carapace, lateral. Sphecozone personata: (6, 7) Male palp: (6) ectal, (7) mesal. (8, 9) Epigynum: (8) ventral, (9) dorsal, cleared. (10) Male carapace, lateral. (A: atrium; AL: anterior lobe of dorsal epigynal plate; AP: anterior process of ventral epigynal plate; BCE: basal cymbial excavation; CD: copulatory duct; CL: column; DP: dorsal plate; E: embolus; EM: embolic membrane; FD: fertilization duct; PTA: prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA: retrolateral tibial apophysis; S: spermathecae; ST: subtegulum; T: tegulum; VP: ventral plate). Scale bars: 0,1 mm.
FIGURES 20, 21 in On two species of the spider genus Sphecozone O. P. - Cambridge and a case of hermaphroditism in Sphecozone personata (Simon, 1864) (Araneae: Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 20, 21. Spider distribution in time during two years of sampling in the riparian forests of southern Brazil. (11) Sphecozone rostrata. (12) Sphecozone personata (1–16: sample order; win: winter; spr: spring; sum: summer; aut: autumn).
FIGURE 4 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 4. Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Ventral collar lappets and ventral shields stained with methyl green; B, dorsal lips indicated by arrows and embryos attached to right dorsal-most radiole; C, left dorsal-most radiole with two attached early larvae indicated by arrows; D, late larvae; E–F, dorsal lips (indicated by arrows), dorsal view; G. dorsal lips (indicated by arrows), frontal view of peristomium (ventral lips and radioles removed); H, superior group of thoracic notochaetae; I, thoracic uncinus; J, abdominal uncinus; K, oocytes; L, spermatozoa. A–K, Paratypes EMU–ICML–10034/10035. Abbreviations: vlventral lappets, vsc—ventral shield of collar. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, E–G, 0.25 mm; C–D, 100 µm; H, 20µm; I–J, 5µm; K, not scaled, 40X; L, not scaled, 100X.
FIGURE 2 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 2. Body structures of Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Adult, dorsal view; B, juvenile, dorsal view; C, branchial crown of mature specimen, lateral view; D, cocoon; E, detail of embryos; F, larva; G, collar, dorsal view; H, collar, ventral view, midventral patch of cilia as indicated by arrow. A–H, Paratypes UAA–M142B, M145C mounted for SEM. Abbreviations: apranterior peristomial ring, fg—faecal groove, vsc—ventral shield of collar. White arrow in F: neurotroch, black arrow: prototroch. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B–D, 200 µm; E, G–H, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 1. Aracia sinaloae sp. n., live colour. A, Entire body, dorsal view, showing distribution of oocytes and sperm; B, as A, arrow indicates cocoon; C, thorax and anterior abdomen showing oocytes through body wall as indicated by arrow; D, detail of collar and base of branchial crown, dorsal view; E, cocoon attached to dorsal-most radiolar pair; F, collar and base of branchial crown, lateral view, showing peristomial eye as indicated by arrow. A–F, Holotype MCZ–20145. Scale bars: A–B, 1 mm; C–D, F, 0.5 mm; E, 0.8 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 3. Chaetae and uncini of Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Thoracic chaetigers (1: chaetiger 1, 2: chaetiger 2, 3: chaetiger 3); B, thoracic chaetae; C, paleate chaetae; D, thoracic, narrowly hooded chaetae; E, thoracic uncini and companion chaetae; F, abdominal noto- and neurochaetae; G, abdominal neurochaetae; H–I, abdominal uncini. A–I, Paratypes UAA–M147A mounted for SEM. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, D, 20 µm; C, E–H, 10 µm; I, 5 µm.
Serial thin section movie of every third section from the DTC to the distal extensions of Sh1 in a young adult hermaphrodite posterior gonad arm
<p>Gap-junctional signaling mediates myriad cellular interactions in metazoans. Yet, how gap junctions control the positioning of cells in organs is not well understood. Innexins compose gap junctions in invertebrates and affect organ architecture. Here, we investigate the roles of gap-junctions in controlling distal somatic gonad architecture and its relationship to underlying germline stem cells in <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>. We show that a reduction of soma-germline gap-junctional activity causes displacement of distal sheath cells (Sh1) towards the distal end of the gonad. We confirm, by live imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and antibody staining, that bare regions – lacking somatic gonadal cell coverage of germ cells – are present between the distal tip cell (DTC) and Sh1, and we show that an innexin fusion protein used in a prior study encodes an antimorphic poisonous gap junction subunit that mispositions Sh1. We determine that, contrary to the model put forth in the prior study based on this fusion protein, Sh1 mispositioning does not markedly alter the position of the borders of the stem cell pool nor of the progenitor cell pool. Together, these results demonstrate that gap junctions can control the position of Sh1, but that Sh1 position is neither relevant for GLP-1/Notch signaling nor for the exit of germ cells from the stem cell pool.</p>
Fig. 2 a–g in When dwarf males and hermaphrodites copulate: first record of mating behaviour in a dwarf male using the androdioecious barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica)
Fig. 2 a–g Penis structure in dwarf males of Scalpellum scalpellum. A hermaphrodite photographed in vivo and carrying dwarf males in the receptacle area on either side of the brood chamber (mantle cavity). b One of the males in close up, revealing the tube-like penis still inside its body. c Another male with the penis already extended for mating; note the length of the penis relative to the small male body; another deeply buried male situated close by. d SEM of dwarf male with penis almost fully extended and showing the side branches. e Tip of the penis furnished with sensory setae; note the central opening. f SEM of dwarf males located symmetrically on either side of the brood chamber; one male with penis extended; note in both d and f how the males are located outside the brood chamber when the mantle valves are fully closed. g SEM of dwarf male fixed when the penis is extended into the brood chamber for mating; the cirri of the hermaphrodite hovering over the male
Figure 6 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 6. Pleopodal characteristics of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, gross morphology of the second pleopod showing the appendio interna and appendio masculina on the endopod* Both endopod and exopod are on the protopod* B, general view of the endopod with appendio interna and appendio masculina* Notice the plumose setae on the inner margin of the endopod (arrow)* C, long appendio interna* D, detail of the hooked-like cincinnuli on the appendio interna* E, dorsal view of the appendio interna and appendio masculina apex* F, detail of appendio masculina showing one smooth face while the other is sclerotized and with strong socket-like spines* G, detail of the longest apical spine of the appendio masculina* Notice the margin of the socket (arrow)* H, first pleopod of an ovigerous hermaphrodite individual with the ovigerous setae (arrow)* I, second pleopod of a non-ovigerous hermaphrodite individual with ovigerous setae* J, third pleopod of a male phase individual without the ovigerous setae* K, detail of long and thin filiform ovigerous setae (arrow)* AI, appendio interna; AM, appendio masculina; CI, cincinnuli; EN, endopod; EX, exopod; PR, protopod; 1st, first pleopod; 2nd, second pleopod; 3rd, third pleopod*
Figure 7 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 7. Gonopores of Salmoneus carvachoi* SEM external morphology* A, ventral view of a male phase shrimp with distal segments of the pereiopods were removed* B, general view of the shallow and flat sternum (asterisks) related to pereiopod I–V coxae* Notice the male gonopore (arrow)* C, absence of the female gonopore on third pereiopod coxa (arrowhead)* D, fifth pereiopod coxa with the male gonopore covered with partial ejaculated spermatophore* E, view of the shallow and flat hermaphrodite phase sternum (asterisks)* The male (arrow) and female (arrow heads) gonopores are noticed* F, G, detail of right and left female gonopore as a simple curved slit with valve-like operculum (arrow)* The female gonopore is surrounded with simple short filiform setae* H, male gonopore of a hermaphrodite phase individual* The protruding operculated (arrow) gonopore is in mid-basal coxa* I, hermaphrodite male gonopore with partially ejaculated spermatophore* J, SEM of the spermatozoa with the acrosomal vesicle showing a long spike and acrosomal cap above the main body with concave nucleus* I–V, first to fifth pereiopod* AC, acrosomal cap; AV, acrosomal vesicle FG, female gonopore; MG, male gonopore; N, nucleus; S, setae; SK, spike; SP, spermatophore; SZ, spermatozoon*
Figure 4 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 4. Transition between male and female reproductive system of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, gross morphology of the distal vas deferens region (DVD)* Slight dilated ampoule shows the androgenic gland (arrow)* B, detail of the androgenic gland from a hermaphrodite phase individual positioned in the same place as the male phase individuals* C, light microscopy of DVD slightly wider than the MVD* D, electron micrograph of DVD with the typhlosole as a discrete salient fold on one side of the vas deferens* E, histochemical aspect of DVD seminal fluid with the secretion type I without acid polysaccharides as well the globular compound of the secretion type II (white arrow)* The homogeneous compound of secretion type II is reactive to Alcian blue stain (black arrow)* F, fractured DVD showing the small amount of seminal fluid with spermatozoa immersed in the secretion type I surrounded by the secretion type II (arrow)* G, detail of the spermatozoon with tack morphology and a long spike* The secretion type I shows small granules, thin fibrils and some larger droplets (arrow)* H, thick musculature of the ampoule with many muscular fibres* The primordial spermatophore shows small amount of seminal fluid of the secretion type I and is surrounded by a thin layer of secretion type II (arrow)* I, male phase individual showing ovaries and testes forming the ovotestes, surrounded by blood capillaries (arrow)* The ovaries are filled with oogonia forming the germinal centre at the inner periphery of the ovarian lobe close the testes* The primary oocytes occupy the rest of the lobule while the spermatogenesis is still producing spermatozoa (arrowhead)* J, detail of the oogonia and primary oocytes arrested in the previtellogenic stage surrounded by follicle cells (black arrowhead)* Notice primary spermatocytes and spermatozoa (white arrowhead) in the testes* K, primordial ovaries found in male phase individuals* The ovarian wall cells are arranged in different strata around the ovary lumen forming a mandibulate type ovary* Detail of the ovarian wall cells showing long microvilli (arrowhead)* These cells are laying on the connective tissue shared with the testes* I–L, haematoxylin and eosin stain* M, ovarian wall cells with nucleus with mitotic prophase chromosome (arrow heads)* Toluidine blue stain* A *
Figure 2 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 2. Male reproductive system of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, general view showing the small testes (TE) and thin vasa deferentia (VD)* B, detail of the testes (TE) showing the lobular anatomy* Each lobule depicts 'Y-shaped' morphology* C, histology of the testes (TE) classified as lobular (acinous) type with each lobule (SL) filled with cells in the same stage of spermatogenesis* The spermatozoa (arrow) are released into seminiferous duct connected to the proximal vas deferens (PVDa)* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* D, detail of the seminiferous lobules (SL) filled with primary spermatocytes and another with metaphasic plates and anaphasis of meiosis I (arrow heads)* Each lobule is surrounded with accessory cells* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* E, F, longitudinal and transversal section, respectively, of the spermatozoon showing the spike (white arrowhead) and the acrosomal cap more basophilic (black arrowhead) above the nucleus* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* Scale bar = 4 um* G, spermatozoon reactive to proteins in the spike (white arrowhead) and strongly positive at the acrosomal cap (black arrowhead)* Xylidine ponceau stain* Scale bar = 4 um* H, absence of reaction to neutral polysaccharides in the spermatozoon* PAS stain* Scale bar = 4 um* I, ultrastructure of the testes and its continuity with the PVD* The anterior part of PVD running from the testes above the vas deferens and emerge at the centre of the coiled structure that compose the main part of PVD region which opens in the straight medium vas deferens (MVD)* J, detail of the PVD showing the anterior part emerging from the centre, whereas the distal part is coiled and showing the flap of typhlosole (arrow)* K, light microscopy of PVD with the anterior part filled with spermatozoa immersed in basophilic secretion* In the coiled posterior part of the PVD the sperm mass is packed against one side of the lumen in opposition to typhlosole (arrow)* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* AC, accessory (Sertoli) cell; EP, epithelium; L, testes lobule; MVD, medium vas deferens region; PVD, proximal vas deferens region; PVDa, anterior part of proximal vas deferens; PVDp, posterior part of proximal vas deferens; SCI, primary spermatocytes in meiotic prophase; SL, seminiferous lobules; T, typhlosole; TE, testes; VD, vas deferens*
Figure 5 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 5. Female reproductive system of a hermaphrodite individual of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, general view of ovotestes showing the small testes and thin vasa deferentia compared to the ovarian portion* The ovaries are organized in two lobes that grow anteriorly while the oviducts are positioned more posteriorly* B, light microscopy of the ovotestes* The female portion is voluminous showing vitellogenic oocytes surrounded with follicle cells* Notice the oviducts are in a more posterior position* The small male part is posterior and marked by the coiled proximal vas deferens* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* C, detail of ovotestes' connective tissue shared by the ovarian portion and testes portion (black arrow)* The anterior part of the proximal vas deferens is filled with spermatozoa* The ovaries have oocytes in both exogenous and endogenous vitellogenesis* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* D, SEM of the ovarian lobes showing the germinal centre as an inner shaft of small cells in each lobule at the mid-dorsal region of the cephalothorax (arrow)* The large vitellogenic oocytes are externally positioned in the lobe* E, detail of the germinal centre and connective tissue with many fenestrations (arrowheads)* F, vitellogenic oocytes with blood capillaries with haemocytes inside (arrowhead)* Notice in a fractured area the oolemma (white arrow) and the cells surface of the follicle cell (black arrow)* G, detail of ovarian follicle surface (arrow) and the haemocyte in the blood capillary (arrowhead)* H, endogenous vitellogenesis oocyte with small cytoplasm vesicles reactive to neutral polysaccharides and a few lipid droplets* The exogenous vitellogenic oocytes show mature yolk granules also positive to PAS stain* I, histology of the germinal centre with oogonia and their chromosomes in mitotic prophase* The pre-vitellogenenic oocyte has homogeneous basophilic cytoplasm* The ovaries show blood capillaries with haemocytes (arrow)* J, positive reaction for proteins in the yolk granules (arrow) in a mature oocyte also filled with numerous lipid droplets* The previtellogenic oocytes have homogeneous reaction in the cytoplasm* K, detail of the closed oviduct–ovary region (white arrow)* The oviduct is a simple cubic epithelium with closed lumen (black arrow)* Notice the numerous haemocytes in the blood capillary* C, capillary; CT, connective tissue; EO, Endogenous vitellogenic primary oocyte F, follicle cell; GC, germinal centre; HE, hemocyte; LI, lipid droplet; OC, exogenous vitellogenic primary oocyte; OD, oviduct; OF, ovarian follicle; OL, ovarian lobe; OO, oogonia; OT, ovotestes; OV, ovary; PO, previtellogenic oocyte; PVD, proximal vas deferens; TE, testes; VD, vas deferens*
Figure 1 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 1. Populational characterization of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, frequency of distribution in size classes (carapace length) in male-phase and hermaphrodite shrimps* B, relative growth of the appendio masculina length as a function of carapace length in male-phase and hermaphrodite shrimps*
Figure 3 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 3. Male reproductive system of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, B, detail of the PVD showing the lumen of anterior part completely filled with spermatozoa immersed in the basophilic secretion type I* In the posterior part of the PVD the spermatozoa are packed at the opposition side of the typhlosole, which is salient to the PVD tube* The typhlosole epithelium is columnar and different of the rest the posterior part epithelium, which is smooth* The typhlosole produces a secretion type II (black arrow) more basophilic and an unstained material (white arrow) promoting the sperm mass formation* A, haematoxylin and eosin; B, xylinine ponceau stain* C–F, the secretion type I is reactive to proteins, weak positive to neutral polysaccharides and negative to acid ones* On the other hand, the secretion type two depicts two compounds a globular (white arrow), positive to proteins and neutral polysaccharides without acid ones while a homogeneous compound (black arrow) in contact to secretion type I is reactive to both polysaccharides neutral and acids* C, Xylidine ponceau stain; D, PAS stain; E, F, Alcian blue stain* G, ultrastructure of medium vas deferens (MVD) showing the typhlosole salient but more discrete than found in proximal region of vas deferens* H* Under light microscopy, the MVD exhibits a typhlosole formed by a columnar epithelium on a well-developed musculature sheet* Secretion type I is proteinaceous and occupies a significant portion of the lumen* Secretion type II also displays a protein reaction* The globular components (white arrow) appear to fuse together (black arrow) to form a thin layer* The globular secretion seems to fuse and form the external layer of the spermatophore at the opposite side of the typhlosole* Xylidine ponceau stain* EP, epithelium; L, testes lobule; M, musculature; MVD, medium vas deferens region; N, nucleus; PVDa, anterior part of proximal vas deferens; PVDp, posterior part of proximal vas deferens; SI, secretion type I; SII, secretion type II; T, typhlosole*
Data from: Sexual antagonism in the pistil varies among populations of a hermaphroditic mixed-mating plant
Sexual conflicts and their evolutionary outcomes may be influenced by population-specific features such as mating system and ecological context; however, very few studies have investigated the link between sexual conflict and mating system. The self-compatible, mixed-mating hermaphrodite Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae) is thought to exhibit a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity. This conflict involves 1) delayed stigma receptivity, which intensifies pollen competition, and 2) early fertilization forced by pollen, which reduces seed set. We investigated the potential for the conflict to occur under field conditions and performed greenhouse crosses within eight populations to assess its consistency across populations. Flowers were visited, and produced seeds after pollination, at all developmental stages, suggesting that the conflict can be of significance under natural conditions. In the greenhouse, early pollination imposed costs in all populations. Overall, the timing of first seed set was most strongly affected by the maternal parent, denoting stronger female than male ability to influence onset of stigma receptivity. Crosses also revealed a negative relationship between donor- and recipient-related onset of receptivity within individuals, a novel result hinting at trade-offs in sex-allocation or a history of antagonistic selection. Neither timing of stigma receptivity, timing of first seed set, nor pollen competitive ability covaried with population outcrossing rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that sexually antagonistic selection may be present in varying degrees in different populations of C. heterophylla, but this variation does not appear to be directly related to mating system variation.
FIGURE 4. Dichorisandra nana. A. Habit. B. Hermaphrodite flower. C. Adaxial stamen. D. Lateral, superior stamen. E. Lateral, inferior stamen. F. Abaxial stamen. G. Gynoecium. H. Fruit. I. Seed, ventral surface with hilum exposed. J in Two new species of Dichorisandra (Commelinaceae) from Rio de Janeiro and comments on the two species included in Vellozo's "Flora Fluminensis"
FIGURE 4. Dichorisandra nana. A. Habit. B. Hermaphrodite flower. C. Adaxial stamen. D. Lateral, superior stamen. E. Lateral, inferior stamen. F. Abaxial stamen. G. Gynoecium. H. Fruit. I. Seed, ventral surface with hilum exposed. J. Seed, dorsal surface, embryotega dorsal. All from Jardim 4220 (UEC). (originally from Rio das Ostras; cultivated at the UNICAMP).
Figure 2 in Differences in the flower visitor behaviour on female and hermaphroditic flowers of Cimicifuga simplex
Figure 2. Number of flowers contacted by visitors per single visit to an inflorescence. The data for hermaphroditic ramets with male-phase flowers are from Toji et al. (2020). The box plots show the median (bold bar), the lower and upper quartiles show the ±1.5 × interquartile range (whiskers) and outliers (circles). Sample size indicated above the box plots. Different lowercase letters above the box plots indicate statistically significant differences (Tukey's HSD, p <0.05).
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