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343 results for “lock”
Dynamics of soliton self-injection locking in optical microresonators
<pre>The code and data used to produce the plots within the paper entitled "Dynamics of soliton self-injection locking in optical microresonators." </pre>
Data from: Origins of female genital diversity: predation risk and lock-and-key explain rapid divergence during an adaptive radiation
The study of male genital diversity has long overshadowed evolutionary inquiry of female genitalia, despite its non-trivial diversity. Here we identify four non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that could lead to genital divergence in females, and potentially generate patterns of correlated male-female genital evolution: (1) ecological variation alters the context of sexual selection ("ecology hypothesis"), (2) sexually antagonistic selection ("sexual-conflict hypothesis"), (3) female preferences for male genitalia mediated by female genital traits ("female-choice hypothesis"), and (4) selection against inter-population mating ("lock-and-key hypothesis"). We performed an empirical investigation of all four hypotheses using the model system of Bahamas mosquitofish inhabiting blue holes that vary in predation risk. We found unequivocal support for the ecology hypothesis, with females exhibiting a smaller genital opening in blue holes containing piscivorous fish. This is consistent with stronger postmating female choice/choice when predators are present, but greater premating female choice in their absence. Our results additionally supported the lock-and-key hypothesis, uncovering a pattern of reproductive character displacement for genital shape. We found no support for the sexual conflict or female choice hypotheses. Our results demonstrate a strong role for ecology in generating female genital diversity, and suggest that lock-and-key may provide a viable cause of female genital diversification.
Pocket Door Lock
For more information about this item visit: https://bhpsite.org/ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Synthetic-reflection self-injection-locked microcombs
<p>Data and code used in the manuscript "Synthetic-reflection self-injection-locked microcombs".</p>
A mode-locked random laser generating transform-limited optical pulses
<p>Ever since the mid-1960's, locking the phases of modes enabled the generation of laser pulses of duration limited only by the uncertainty principle, opening the field of ultrafast science. In contrast to conventional lasers, mode spacing in random lasers is ill-defined because optical feedback comes from scattering centres at random positions, making it hard to use mode locking in transform limited pulse generation. Here the generation of sub-nanosecond transform-limited pulses from a mode-locked random fibre laser is reported. Rayleigh backscattering from decimetre-long sections of telecom fibre serves as laser feedback, providing narrow spectral selectivity to the Fourier limit. The laser is adjustable in pulse duration (0.34-20 ns), repetition rate (0.714-1.22 MHz) and can be temperature tuned. The high spectral-efficiency pulses are applied in distributed temperature sensing with 9.0 cm and 3.3×10⁻³ K resolution, exemplifying how the results can drive advances in the fields of spectroscopy, telecommunications, and sensing.</p>
Supporting tables and figures for Cancel Villamil JJ, Locke SA (2022) - Fish assemblage response to removal of a low‐head dam in the lower reach of a tropical island river, Freshwater Biology
<p>Table S1 summarizes studies of the effects of dams on freshwater fish assemblages</p> <p>Table S2 provides results of fishing in 39 samples in three rivers in Puerto Rico in 2017-2019. See 2, below. </p> <p>Figure S1 shows the relationship between fish species richness and time spent electrofishing in these samples.</p> <p>Abstract of article:</p> <p>1. Dams are often removed from rivers to restore habitat connectivity for biota such as fish. Removal of inland dams is well studied in temperate mainland rivers but this approach has been little studied in fish assemblages in islands, tropic systems, or for dams near the mouth of the river. In Puerto Rico, one of the most intensively dammed territories in the world, all native river fishes migrate between fresh water and the sea, and previous work shows these movements are impeded or blocked by dams.</p> <p>2. Fish assemblages were compared before and after removal of the Cambalache dam, a porous, low-head structure near the mouth of the Río Grande de Arecibo, as well as in two other rivers in Western Puerto Rico, one with a similarly sized and positioned dam, and one reference river without artificial barriers. Fish were sampled using backpack electrofishing on 39 occasions during 2017-2019, including seven samples collected after removal of the Cambalache dam, at between four and six sites per river.</p> <p>3. Fish assemblages upstream from dams were poorer in species, and species richness showed a marginal tendency (P=0.0515) to increase upstream of the Cambalache dam three months after its removal. The two small lowland dams studied herein limited the upstream extent of marine species, which recolonized upstream sites of the Río Grande de Arecibo after removal of the Cambalache dam. An estimate of relative density (catch per unit effort) of common native freshwater species was higher above these two dams, and decreased at upstream sites after removal of the Cambalache dam. The estimated relative density of a native freshwater species that is of conservation concern, the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), was reduced above dams, and increased upstream of the former Cambalache dam after its removal. </p> <p>4. In extensive surveys conducted previously in Puerto Rico, sampling was concentrated higher in the watershed, and native fishes were more common and abundant below than above dams. The present work was conducted near the river mouth, and opposite results were observed. These contrasting results suggest that the effects of dams (or dam removal) on fish assemblages vary along the river gradient, although data from other systems are needed to confirm this.</p> <p>5. The present results suggest low-head dam removal to be a viable method of restoring connectivity in fish assemblages in lower reaches of rivers in Puerto Rico and, potentially, other tropical islands. Removal of dams near the mouth of the river appears to be of particular benefit to marine fish species that use lower river reaches.</p>
Data from: Passive mode-locking and terahertz frequency comb generation in resonant-tunneling-diode oscillator
<p>All the raw data and processed data used in the figures in the main text and Supplementary Information in the article "Passive mode-locking and terahertz frequency comb generation in resonant-tunneling-diode oscillator."</p>
Data from: Genome-wide analysis reveals demographic and life history patterns associated with habitat modification in land-locked, deep-spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
<p>Human-mediated habitat fragmentation in freshwater ecosystems can negatively impact genetic diversity, demography and life history of native biota, while disrupting the behaviour of species that are dependent on spatial connectivity to complete their life cycles. In the Alouette River system (British Columbia, Canada), dam construction in 1928 impacted passage of anadromous sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>), with the last records of migrants occurring in the 1930's. Since that time, <i>O. nerka</i> persisted as a resident population in Alouette Reservoir until experimental water releases beginning in 2005 created conditions for migration; two years later, returning migrants were observed for the first time in ~70 years, raising important basic and applied questions regarding life history variation and population structure in this system. Here, we investigated the genetic distinctiveness and population history of Alouette Reservoir <i>O. nerka</i> using genome-wide SNP data (n=7,709 loci) collected for resident and migrant individuals, as well as for neighbouring anadromous sockeye salmon and resident kokanee populations within the Fraser River drainage (n=312 individuals). Bayesian clustering and principal components analyses based on neutral loci revealed five distinct clusters, largely associated with geography, and clearly demonstrated that Alouette Reservoir resident and migrant individuals are genetically distinct from other <i>O. nerka</i> populations in the Fraser River drainage. At a finer-level, there was no clear evidence for differentiation between Alouette Reservoir residents and migrants; although we detected eight high-confidence outlier loci, they all mapped to sex chromosomes suggesting that differences were likely due to uneven sex ratios rather than life history. Taken together, these data suggest that contemporary Alouette Reservoir <i>O. nerka</i> represents a landlocked sockeye salmon population, constituting the first reported instance of deep-water spawning behaviour associated with this life history form. This finding punctuates the need for re-assessment of conservation status and supports on-going fisheries management activities in Alouette Reservoir. </p>
Fig. 9 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 9. Femoro-tibial joint of the hind legs in Alticini (Chrysomelidae) and Rhamphini (Curculionidae). A, B, Longitarsus sp., A, genuflexor sclerite in a locked position, B, genuflexor sclerite in an unlocked position, C, D Disonycha xanthomela, C, genuflexor sclerite in a locked position, D, genuflexor sclerite in an unlocked position, E, F, Orchestes mixtus, E, tibial flexor sclerite in an unlocked position, F, tibial fexor sclerite in a locked position (GFS = genuflexor scelite,TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, s = distal sclerotic element of the femoral abutment [=femoral abutment of Lever's trinagular plate], vfw = ventral femoral wall, distal to the left).
Fig. 7 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 7. SEM micrographs showing anatomical structures at the femoro-tibal joint of the fore leg of male T. dalmanni. A, internal (dorsal) view, B, ventral view, C, external (ventral view), D, ventral view, E and F, lateral view (GFS = genuflexor sclerite,TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, HL = Heitler's lump, pit = pit corresponding to the invagination of the femoro-tibial flexor tendon, fe-tifld = distal tibial flexor muscle [potential trigger or release muscle], fe-tiflp=proximal tibial flexor muscle, distal to the left).
Fig. 8 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 8. TEM and CLSM micrographs showing the femoro-tibial joint in T. dalmanni (TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, core = electron dense core ofTFS, cov = electron lucent external surface [coating] on the ventral portion of the TFS, col = electron dense external region [coating] on the lateral portion of the TFS, tib = tibia, fe-tifld = distal tibial flexor muscle [potential trigger or release muscle], fe-tiflp = proximal tibial flexor muscle, distal to the left).
Fig. 6 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 6. Synchrotron-based micro-CT micrographs showing the femoro-tibial joint of grasping legs. A–F, T. dalmanni, male, fore leg; G, H, Podagrion sp., female, hind leg (GFS = genuflexor sclerite,TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, HL = Heitler's lump, con = femoro-tibial conjunctiva, cnd = condyles [pivot points], tib = tibia, fem = femur, A–F, distal to the right, H, distal to the left).
Fig. 4 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 4. Synchrotron based micro-CT micrographs of the femoro-tibial joints of the stalk-eyed fly, Teleopsis dalmanni (Wiedemann, 1830). A–D, male fore leg; E, female fore leg; F, G, male middle and hind legs (GFS = genuflexor sclerite,TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, HL = Heitler's lump, fe-tifld = distal tibial flexor muscle (potential trigger or release muscle), fe-tiflp = proximal tibial flexor muscle, fem = femur, tib = tibia, A–D, distal to the left; E–F, distal to the top.
Fig. 5 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 5. Bright field images and CLSM micrographs of the femoro-tibial joint of grasping insect legs. A–D, T. dalmanni, female, fore leg; E–F, Ochthera sp., female, fore leg; G, Podagrion sp., female, hind leg; H, T. dalmanni, male, fore leg (GFS = genuflexor sclerite,TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, HL = Heitler's lump, ten = tendon of the femoro-tibial muscle, con = femoro-tibial conjunctiva; cov = glassy ventral layer of the tibial flexor sclerite; fe-tifl = tibial flexor muscle, pit = pit corresponding to the invagination of the femoro-tibial flexor tendon, tib=tibia).
Fig. 3 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 3. Line drawings showing the three major types of locking mechanisms in the ventral portion of the femoro-tibial joint. Left: extended position; Right: flexed position. (A, B) TFS over Heitler's lump without conjunctiva in between (grasping legs); (C, D) GFS locked at tip of femur, no conjunctiva in between (Alticini); (E, F) GFS over Heitler's lump with conjunctiva in-between (Orthoptera); (G, H) TFS locked at tip of femur, conjunctiva in between; GFS = genuflexor sclerite, TFS = tibial flexor sclerite, distal to the left.
Fig. 2 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 2. The femoro-tibial joint of the hind leg of the locust, Omocestus haemorrhoidalis (Charpentier, 1825) (Orthoptera:Acrididae); (A–C) closing of the joint, (D) open joint, (E) closed joint (conjunctiva is located between Heitler's lump and GFS), (F) open joint (CLSM), (G) same at greater magnification (GFS = genulexor sclerite, conj = conjunctiva between the site of origin of the tibial flexor tendon and the distoventral margin of the femur, HL = Heitler's lump, SLP = semilunar process, distal to the left).
Fig. 1 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 1. Generalized representation of an insect leg and modifications in the tibio-femoral joint for jumping and grasping.Two muscles connect the tibia and the femur.The tibial flexor (blue) bends (flexes) while the tibial extensor (brown) straightens (extends) the femoro-tibial joint.The tibial extensor is enlarged in a jumping legs (A), the two muscles are similar in their mass in walking legs (B), and the tibial flexor is enlarged in grasping legs (C).The locking mechanism between the tibial flexor muscle tendon and the ventral wall of the tibia is composed of the Heitler's lump (HL) and the genuflexor sclerite (GFS) in orthopterans (flexed (D) and extended (E) positions, modified after Gronenberg 1996; cx = coxa, tr = trochanter, tib = tibia, fem = femur, tar = tarsus; distal to the left).
Fig. 10 in Jumping and Grasping: Universal Locking Mechanisms in Insect Legs
Fig. 10. Synchrotron-based micro-CT micrographs showing the hind leg femoro-tibial joint of Gryllus campestris (slp = semilunar process, fem = femur, tib = tibia, HL = Heitler's lump, GFS = genuflexor sclerite, con = femoro-tibial conjunctiva, fe-tifl = tibial flexor muscle, fe-tiex = tibial extensor muscle, lines marked with E, F show the sites of sections on E and F, distal to the left).
Data: Quasi-global Convection-permitting Simulations of Tidally Locked Rocky Planets
<p>Here are the data and scripts used for creating the figures in the paper, "Quasi-global Convection-permitting Simulations of Tidally Locked Rocky Planets".</p>
Door Lock Draft
First photogrammetry from private collection - door lock Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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