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Figure 4 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 4. Right postorbital of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations: cd, cornual diverticulum; ff, facet for frontal; o, orbit; pr, prominence; poh, postorbital horncore.

Figure 10 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 10. Evolutionary development in Ceratopsidae. A, comparative growth series for the ceratopsids Arrhinoceratops brachyops, Triceratops spp., Chasmosaurus belli and Centrosaurus apertus. The skulls are ordered from least (left) to most (right) mature. Reconstructed portions are indicated by dashed lines. Scale at bottom refers to % basal skull length of the largest individual known for the species (approximated by tooth row length in Arrhinoceratops). Note that maturity does not necessarily correspond to size. B, phylogeny of Ceratopsidae deduced from developmental event-pairs. Unambiguous apomorphic events are listed to the right of the branches and correspond to the numbers listed in Table 3; bootstrap/Bremer support values are listed to the left of the branches.

Figure 8 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 8. Lower jaw elements of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops). Predentary in right lateral (A) and anterior (B) views. Left lower jaw in lateral (C) and medial (D) views. Right lower jaw in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Lower jaws in dorsal view (G). Note that some of the braincase elements are preserved in association with the right lower jaw (C, D). Abbreviations:?ar, possible articular; bc, braincase; corp, coronoid process; d, dentary; fpd, facet for predentary; fspl, facet for splenial; lf; lateral flange of dentary; tr, tooth row; sa, surangular; spl, splenial; ts, triturating surface.

Figure 8. Edmontonia rugosidens, AMNH FARB 5381 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 8. Edmontonia rugosidens, AMNH FARB 5381. Top left: skull, mandible, and buccal osteoderm in oblique left lateral view. Top right: stereophotographs of head in ventral (palatal) view, showing gular ossicles and long ceratobranchials. Bottom: three orthogonal CT slices (not to scale) through region of hyobranchial apparatus. Lines show approximate level of slices. Location of paraglossalia outlined in red, dotted line. cb, second ceratobranchial; de, dentary; gost, gular osteoderms; ha, hyobranchial apparatus; oc, occipital condyle; t, teeth.

Figure 5 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 5. Frill elements of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops). Parietal and squamosal in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. C, associated epi-ossifications of unknown orientation. Abbreviations: fp, facet for parietal; itf, infratemporal fenestra; itp, infratemporal process of squamosal; on, otic notch; p, parietal; pr, prominence; sq, squamosal; S1–9, loci for episquamosals 1–9.

Figure 5 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 5. Pinacosaurus grangeri (IGM 100/3186), dental histology of isolated tooth. A, close-up of labiolingual thin section showing well-preserved incremental lines of von Ebner (arrowheads); B, composite image of entire tooth sectioned in labiolingual plane. Incremental lines of von Ebner are traced in blue.

Figure 4 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 4. Pinacosaurus grangeri. Schematic reconstruction of life position of hyobranchial apparatus relative to skull bones. Composite reconstruction based on IGM 100/ 3186, IGM 100/1014 (Hill et al., 2003), IVPP V16853, IVPP V16283, and IVPP V16346 (Burns et al., 2011). Top: right lateral view, with right mandible removed to reveal hyobranchium. Bottom: ventral (palatal) view.

Figure 10 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 10. Comparison of the hyobranchial apparatus in a phylogenetic context. Apparatus are depicted in ventral view, rostral towards the top of the page. From left to right are depicted a salamander (Andrias davidianus), a tortoise (Manouria emys emys), a tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), an iguanian lizard (Uromastyx sp.), a crocodylian (Caiman), an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Pinacosaurus grangeri; this study), a basally branching non-avian theropod (Carnotaurus sastrei), a deeply nested non-avian theropod (Khaan mckennai; M.D.D., pers. observ.), an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a chicken (Gallus gallus), a water rail (Rallus aquaticus), and the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae). The placement of turtles is controversial (Lee, 2013; Lyson et al. 2013). Apparatus are scaled to roughly the same first ceratobranchial length. Reconstructions are modified from Fürbringer (1922), Gnanamuthu (1937), Bonaparte et al. (1990), and Heiss et al. (2011, 2013). Elements in white are of uncertain homology relative to dinosaurian hyobranchial apparatus elements. The colours of elements follow Figure 3: red, bony or cartilaginous paraglossalia or paraglossal; blue, first ceratobranchial; orange, second ceratobranchial; yellow, epibranchial; green, basihyal. Note that bone and cartilage are not distinguished in this figure; the three extinct taxa (Pinacosaurus, Carnotaurus, and Khaan) might have had more extensive, cartilaginous apparatus.

Figure 7 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 7. Pinacosaurus grangeri (IGM 100/3186). A, B, associated osteoderm in superficial (A) and deep (B) views; C, transverse thin section of osteoderm showing abundant transverse and longitudinal vascular canals. Tick marks indicate level of histological section. Dashed lines indicate missing bone. Abbreviation: fm, foramen.

Figure 2 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 2. Pinacosaurus grangeri from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, showing accessory narial apertures. Top, ZPAL MgD II/1, juvenile specimen of P. grangeri showing intact narial region; inset at lower left shows homologous portion on IGM 100/3186. Lower right, ventral (palatal) view of rostrum, showing the opening of the right premaxillary palatal fenestra. Abbreviations: B, structure B in the narial region; C, apertures C in the narial region, opening into the premaxillary sinus cavity; mx, maxilla; mxo, maxillary osteoderm, pmx, premaxilla; ppf, premaxillary palatal fenestra; v, vomer.

Figure 2 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 2. Right maxilla of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; fpmx, facet for premaxilla; mxc, maxillary cavity; t, tooth; tr, tooth row.

Figure 1 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 1. Pinacosaurus grangeri (IGM 100/3186). Stereophotographs of articulated skull and cervical region in ventral view, showing hyobranchial elements at the centre. Abbreviations: bs, basisphenoid; cb2, second ceratobranchial; cvr, cervical rib; eb, epibranchial; lpg, left paraglossalium; ls, laterosphenoid; mo, mandibular osteoderm; os, orbitosphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; ppf, premaxillary palatal fenestra.

Figure 3 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 3. Pinacosaurus grangeri (IGM 100/3186), detailed views of the hyobranchial apparatus. A, central part of prepared hyobranchial apparatus in dorsal view, showing deeply excavated fossae; B, oblique left ventrorostrolateral view of hyobranchial apparatus in situ; C, D, prepared right second ceratobranchial in (C) dorsal and (D) ventral views, showing complex curvature. Abbreviations: ar, articular; bs, basisphenoid; cb1, first ceratobranchial; eb, epibranchial; lpg, left paraglossalium; rcb1, right first ceratobranchial; rpg, right paraglossalium.

Figure 7 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 7. Right pterygoid of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in medial view. Abbreviations: ec, 'eustachian canal'; fp, facet for palatine; pf, pterygoid flange.

Figure 6 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 6. Pinacosaurus grangeri (IGM 100/3186). A, associated left radius (ra) and fragment of ulna (ul); B, transverse thin section of the radius showing abundant longitudinally oriented vascular canals, crenulated periosteal margin, and the absence of growth lines. Tick marks indicate level of histological section. Dashed lines indicate missing bone.

Figure 9 in A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia

Figure 9. Schematic reconstruction of hyolingual musculature of Pinacosaurus grangeri. Ventral view, showing hypothesized lines of action of hyolingual musculature. Blue arrows: intrinsic hyolingual musculature, e.g. hyoglossus, ceratohyoideus. Yellow arrows: extrinsic hyolingual protractors, e.g. mandibulohyoideus, branchiomandibularis. Red arrows: extrinsic hyolingual retractors, e.g. sternohyoideus.

Figure 9 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 9. Ceratohyal of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in lateral or medial view (precise orientation indeterminate).

Figure 1 in Skull ontogeny in Arrhinoceratops brachyops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and other horned dinosaurs

Figure 1. Skull reconstruction of CMN 8882 (Arrhinoceratops brachyops) in left lateral view. Missing portions are reconstructed with dashed lines.

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Figure 26 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 26. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R604. Anterior caudals (range: 1–4). A, A1−A4, lateral, anterior, posteri- or, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. B, B1, B2, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, respectively. Abbreviations: cf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; sul, sulcus. Hatching indicates broken bone. Scale bar = 10 cm.