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31 results for “Mugadina”
FIGURE 30 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 30. Generalised map of central and northeastern Australia showing the distributions of the described Heremusina n. gen. and Xeropsalta n. gen. species, as in Fig. 8, compared to the geography of selected river systems of inland Australia. The more heavily dotted lines show the systems draining towards the Lake Eyre Basin; the finely dotted lines of the rivers systems of the southeastern area of the Northern Territory are internally draining, not reaching beyond the State boundaries, while the river systems of northern and eastern Queensland, northern Northern Territory and NSW drain into the surrounding oceans.
FIGURE 24 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 24. Comparison of Xeropsalta aridula n. sp. song echemes in respect to: (A), waveform plot showing temporal structures; (B), spectrogram showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 7–11 kHz, with no frequency change during song emission; (C), amplitude spectra of complete phrase and the contained echemes, showing a relatively restricted band of emission between 6.6–10.5 kHz, with the dominant frequency estimated to be 8.6 kHz.
FIGURE 21 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 21. Comparison of two additional sets of Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. calling songs from the Simpson and Strzelecki Deserts, central Australia (recorded by D.C. Marshall). (A), recording code 09.AU.NS.WGS.T03, Strzelecki Desert track, 30 km north of Tibooburra, northwestern corner of N.S.W. One complete song phrase, showing the initial sequence of repeated isolated syllables/macrosyllables, initially single syllables, increasing to sets of 4 coalesced syllables. At approximately 1.2 s, the macrosyllables are followed by repeated echemes, comprising 8 reducing to 4 macrosyllables, the echeme RR increasing from 2.3 to 4.4 Hz during song emission, the macrosyllable RR relatively stable at 23 Hz. Note is made of the decreasing lengths of the initial macrosyllables in the initial three echemes. The final two macrosyllables in each echeme are doublets. Amplitude spectra (not shown) indicate a clearly defined peak with dominant frequency at 10.0 kHz, and bandwidth of 3.6 kHz. (B), recording location and code as in Fig. 21A, time expanded segment of a single macrosyllable (location indicated in Fig. 21A at 3.0 s, by open bracket), showing three syllables, each with the characteristic 6 dominant pulses, the individual syllable durations ranging between 7–7.3 ms. The dominant pulses exhibit small following secondary pulses which are interpreted as 'OUT' pulses produced by relaxation of the timbals. (C), field recording, recording code 1034-Cooper-Ck-2015, Birdsville Track, southwest end of Lake Killamperpunna. Waveform plot of junction between two song phrases, effectively joined by the sequence of repeated isolated macrosyllables, these typically marking the start of a phrase. Fig. 21D shows the following full song phrase. (D), recording details as in Fig. C. The complete song phrase (9.8 s). The first 2 s comprise repeated isolated macrosyllables, these initially with 3–4, increasing to 6 syllables. After 2 s, the song components aggregate into repeated echemes, each with 5–6 discrete macrosyllables, the numbers listed above each echeme. The initial macrosyllables of the first nine echemes are relatively broad, 173–95 ms durations. All remaining macrosyllables in all echemes are more constant in widths, ranging between 64–26 ms (mean 40 ms). The echeme RR slowly increases during the song. Amplitude spectra (not shown) indicate a clearly defined peak with dominant frequency at 9.4 kHz, and bandwidth of 3.8 kHz. (E), Time expanded waveform of the final seven echemes in the song shown in Fig. D above, these showing the discrete macrosyllables, the final two in each echeme are doublets. the syllable durations within the macrosyllables range between 7.0–8.1 ms, each syllable comprised of 6 pulses (cf. Fig A above).
FIGURE 27 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 27. Comparisons of Xeropsalta rattrayi n. sp. song in terms of: (A), waveform echeme structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 5–14 kHz, with no frequency variation during song emission; (C), amplitude spectra showing a clearly defined, and relatively narrow dominant frequency envelope between 7.2–10.7 kHz, and inferred dominant frequency of 9.0 kHz.
FIGURE 20 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 20. Comparison of the above X. thomsoni n. sp. song in terms of: (A), waveform plot showing the temporal structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between approximately 6.6–10.5 kHz, with no change of frequencies during the song; (C), amplitude spectra showing the clearly defined, and relatively narrow frequency band between 8.2–11.4 kHz, with the inferred dominant frequency centered at 9.7 kHz.
FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. (A) to (D), waveform plots of field recording, in open net, from the Thomson River flood plain, 130 km S. W. of Longreach (Noonbah Station), western Queensland. Fig. 18A, complete phrase, starting as relatively tightly compacted sets of pulses extending to ~3 s, after which they progressively open up between 3–4 sec, thereafter forming repeated, well defined echemes continuing to the end of song. The mean echeme RR is 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18B, shows the initial 700 ms of song, showing initial sets of isolated pulse doublets extending to about 200 ms, after which the pulse doublets progressively coalesce into discrete macrosyllables, each comprised of 6 pulses. Fig. 18C, between about 2–3.5 s into the song, there is a progressive merging of the macrosyllables leading into the initial phase of the rearrangement of the song into echemes. These are comprised of sets of triplet syllables (forming macrosyllables) enclosed by short echemes comprised from 5–16 sets of merged triplet syllables. At approximately 4 s into the songs, these develop into the discrete and repeated macrosyllables, occurring throughout the remainder of the song. Fig. D, the final 8 echemes of the song phrase are shown in detail. Each echeme comprises 4–9 discrete (separated) macrosyllables, these each comprised two (more rarely 3) syllables, excepting the two final macrosyllables which are almost fused, each with 5 to 6 syllables. Each syllable comprises 6 pulses, with pulse PRR of 885–1075 Hz. Mean macrosyllable RR (excluding the final two in each echeme) are 38–42 Hz, and the echeme RR are 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18E, song of X. thomsoni from Birdsville, southwestern corner of Queensland, recorded on the Diamantina River flood plain. The structure of the song is very close to that of the Thomson R. specimens, the only significant difference being the consistently slightly lower pulse, syllable, macrosyllable and echeme RR, possibly temperature related (recording by L.W. Popple; compare also Fig. 21). Filtered A to D 3kHz; E to 5 kHz.
FIGURE 17 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 17. Comparison of Heremusina pipatio n. sp. songs in relation to; (A) waveform plot showing temporal pulses structures; (B), spectrogram, showing a dominant frequency band between ~10 to 18 kHz, without significant frequency shift during the song; and (C), amplitude spectra showing the clearly developed frequency envelope between 10.7–18 kHz, with the dominant frequency estimated at 14.0 kHz, located at the low amplitude centre of the frequency envelope. Filtered to 1 kHz.
FIGURE 16. Heremusina pipatio n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 16. Heremusina pipatio n. sp. song, field recording from ~15 km N. of Cloncurry, N.W. Queensland. Fig. 16A is a waveform overview showing the structure of the echemes which comprise sets of closely spaced single pulse emissions, without any isolated single pulses at the start of each echeme (except at the beginning of a new song sequence, as shown in this segment). Each echeme is followed with an isolated single pulse. The echeme durations (52–63 ms) are clearly shorter than those of H. udeoecetes n. sp., and the resulting echeme repetition rates therefore higher (9.2–10.7 Hz). Pulse repetition rates within the echemes range between 180–225 (mean 207) Hz. Fig. 16B, C, time expanded waveform plot of a single echeme, and the following isolated pulse, showing the pulses to be single pulses, presumably emitted by the alternation of the timbal contractions; Fig. 16C, D, higher resolution, time expanded waveform and envelope plots of three echeme pulses showing the initial high amplitude peaks immediately followed, without a gap, by weaker peaks, inferred as ribs 2–5 emissions. Well developed, isolated secondary peaks (marked as 'S') occur 1.7 ms following the preceding main peaks, these inferred to be secondary, relaxation ('OUT') pulses of the timbals. Filtered to 1 kHz.
FIGURE 12. Heremusina udeoecetes n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 12. Heremusina udeoecetes n. sp. Waveform plots, based on field recordings at 11 km N.W. along Tanami Desert Road, 20 km north of Alice Springs, in low grassland. Figs. A, D show the characteristic repeated echemes, these having durations ranging between 272–332 ms, each commencing with 2–9 isolated pulses, followed by a sequence of closely spaced pulses; an isolated pulse is emitted at end of each echeme. Figs. B, D are time expanded waveform plots showing more detail of the pulses. The initial pulses (Fig. B) are isolated pulses, these changing to doublet pulses within the continuous echeme segment. Pulses (including doublet pulses) have repetition rates varying between 160–193 Hz. (C), shows the final segment of an echeme in which the pulses alternate between single and double pulses, followed by the single isolated final pulse. Filtered to 3.5 kHz.
FIGURE 15 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 15. Comparison of Heremusina udeoecetes n. sp. song in terms of, (A), waveform plot (temporal structures of song), (B), spectrogram showing timbal emission frequencies, these concentrated in range ~11–17 kHz, but exhibiting no indication of systematic changes of frequencies during song emission, although minor frequency disturbances may occur at the start of each echeme; and (C), amplitude spectrum showing the dominant frequency envelope between 11.5–16.8 kHz, with the estimated dominant frequency at 13.9 kHz. Filtered to 3.5 kHz (A), and 7.5 kHz (C).
FIGURE 11 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 11. Pulse repetition rates (Hz) versus durations (ms) between the doublet primary pulses in the songs of Mugadina marshalli and M. emma. These data are based on multiple recordings, from multiple locations, at multiple dates, including field and container recordings (recordings by AE and LWP). The PRR of the M. marshalli songs are consistently higher than the M.emma songs, with minimal overlap of data. The inset shows only PRR data from recordings made 2 km west of Macalister, southeastern Queensland, where both species were found to occur together. These recordings are container recordings made under identical conditions. They exhibit a marked separation of PRR between the two species at this overlap location.
FIGURE 10 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 10. Waveform (A, B, D) and complementary envelope curves (C, E) of the ticking song of Mugadina emma, all recordings made near the Fairbairn Dam Rd, ~7 km S.W. of Emerald, eastern central Queensland, recorded 'in situ' in an open net in grassland. Fig. 10A presents an overview segment showing the multiple repeated 'ticks', the PRR varying between 2.5 to 4.6 Hz. As in the M. marshalli song, each 'tick' comprises a set of two pulses, with each initial 'primary' pulse followed by a weaker secondary pulse, the intervals between the two pulses being 1.4–3.4 ms, slightly variable, although similar to the M. marshalli data. The detailed pulse structures within the primary and secondary pulses are also similar to those of M. marshalli, and the two sets of pulses are similarly interpreted as time offsets in the firing of the two timbals. Unfiltered.
FIGURE 13. Heremusina udeoecetes n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 13. Heremusina udeoecetes n. sp. Time expanded details of selected pulses shown in Fig. 12, shown as waveform and companion envelope plots. In 13A, B, the initial single pulse is markedly of longer duration compared to each of the following double pulses, suggesting that it results from a partial overlapping of asynchronous pulses from the two timbals; the double clicks are therefore interpreted as temporally more clearly separated pulses emitted by the two timbals. Figs 13C, D are strongly developed doublet pulses, emitted asynchronously by the two timbals. The following smaller peaks which are almost coalesced with the main peak are believed to represent the emission from timbal ribs 2–5. The peaks labeled 'S' are interpreted to be secondary ('OUT') clicks of the timbals, not seen following first peak most likely as they overlap the emission of the second primary peak of each doublet. Fig. 13E, F, time expanded single pulses emitted at start of echeme, these showing merged weaker peaks (probably emissions of ribs 2–5). Secondary peaks, marked 'S', occurring 1.7 ms after the primary peaks, are inferred to represent be 'OUT' clicks of the timbals. Filtered to 3.5 kHz.
FIGURE 29 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 29. Comparison of Xeropsalta festiva n. sp. song in terms of: (A), waveform plot, illustrating the main temporal structures; (B), spectrogram showing the dominant frequency band between 5 and 10 kHz, with no clear or systematic change during the song production; (C), amplitude spectra showing a well defined dominant frequency envelope between 5.1 and 8 kHz, with inferred dominant frequency of 6.6 kHz.
FIGURE 9 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 9. Mugadina marshalli song. Waveform (A, B, D) and complimentary envelope (C, E) plots, of the ticking song of M. marshalli, recorded in open net, in grassland near Kaimkillenbun, southeast Queensland (A to C) and Yelarbon, S. Queensland, in situ with parabola in grassland (D, E). Fig. 9A shows an overview plot of the repeated pulses ('ticks'), the pulse repetition rates (PRR) varying between 4.9–5.4 Hz. Figs. 9B, C, are time expanded illustrating details of an individual pulse, showing that when viewed in detail, each actually comprises two dominant (primary) pulses, each followed by a weaker, but clearly separate pulse, the time gaps being 1.9 and 2.8 ms. These are interpreted as secondary pulses, produced by timbal 'OUT' (relaxation) movement. The two initial strong pulses exhibit weaker and almost coalesced pulses, which is suggested to result from the 'firing' of long ribs 2 to 5 (implying that the dominant pulses are produced by the 'IN' movements of timbal 1). The presence of two complete sets of pulses that comprise each 'tick' are inferred to result from a very short but significant delay in the contraction (firing) between the two timbals. Figs. 9D, E, represent time expanded plots from another M. marshalli from a separate location, showing the similar arrangement and structures of the pulses, although the gaps between the primary and secondary pulses are significantly longer. Filtered to 1 kHz.
FIGURE 8 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 8. Map of Central and Northeastern Australia, showing the currently known occurrences of Heremusina udeoecetes n. sp., H. pipatio n. sp., Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp., X. aridula n. sp., and X. rattrayi n. sp. The heavy dot-dash line shows the approximate northern and eastern boundaries of the ecoregion which defines the dominance of deserts and xeric shrublands within inland Australia (based on National Reserve System map, published by the Australian Government). The fine dotted lines are major roads, the names of some prominent towns listed. Lake Eyre and associated ephemoral lakes are shown by the darker shading. The approximate outlines of the modern dunefields comprising much of the Simpson and Strzelecki deserts are shown by the lighter shading, these based on 'Google Earth' images.
FIGURE 7 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 7. Pygofer and male genitalia, ventral views, respectively, of the five new species described in this paper; (A), (B), H. udeoecetes n. sp. and H. pipatio n. sp.; (C) to (E), X. thomsoni n. sp. (see also Pl. 4), X. aridula n. sp., X. rattrayi n. sp. Sizes as in Fig. 6.
FIGURE 28. Xeropsalta festiva n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 28. Xeropsalta festiva n. sp., field recording (L.W.Popple), Hilston, N.S.W. Fig. 28A, overview waveform plot of multiple echemes with the intervening, isolated, high amplitude double pulses. (B), time expanded view of an echeme showing the abrupt initial start, followed by a short gentle decrease, and then progressively increasing amplitude extending to the abrupt termination. The strongly developed pulse doublets emitted before and after the echeme are clearly shown. (C), detailed time expanded plot of selected segment of echeme (see (B) for location) showing three macrosyllables, each, with 6 pulses. Macrosyllable RR range between 132–139 Hz. (D), detailed time expanded plot of a double pulse showing the pulse structures. Each of the two dominant pulses are themselves doublets with a separation of 1 ms, and each is evidently followed by a much weaker secondary pulses (labeled as 'S' in plot D, timbal relaxation 'OUT' pulses), emitted between 2.1–2.4 ms after the primary pulses. The two sets of doublet pulses are interpreted as the results of small, but asymmetries of the firing of two timbals. Filtered 2 kHz.
FIGURE 23. Xeropsalta aridula n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 23. Xeropsalta aridula n. sp. Time expanded waveforms and complimentary envelope plots of two selected segments of echemes. Figs. 23 A, B, recording near start of an echeme, showing the details of four macrosyllables, these each characterised by high amplitude pulses emitted at the end of each macrosyllable. Although each macrosyllable has six higher amplitude main pulses, the pulses show a marked tendency to occur in sets of 4 or 3 pulses. The initial smaller pulse of each macrosyllable is followed closely by a gap (0.8–0.9 ms) and then a set of 4 pulses. These pulse patterns are inferred to result from a slight offset (asynchrony) of pulse emissions between the two timbals, resulting in partial pulse overlaps and the grouping of pulses into 4 or 3 sets, the start of each macrosyllable is marked by 3 partially merged pulses. These 3-pulse sets are inferred to result from the complete overlap of a second peak with the following first peak, resulting in the higher amplitude central peaks. Figs. 23C, D are cage recordings, in which at the end of echemes, the normal 2-timbal song is modified by the cessation of one timbal, causing a drop of the RR of the pulse doublets by half. In these 1 timbal segments, the doublet pulses show the initial high amplitude pulse and following low amplitude peak (0.8–0.9 ms offset). One interpretation is therefore that the initial strong peak results from the timbal rib 1, the weaker peak from the flexing of ribs 2 to 5. The alternate explanation is that the second weaker peaks are the secondary relaxation 'OUT' pulses. Filtered A, B, to 1 kHz. C, D unfiltered.
FIGURE 6 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 6. Pygofer and male genitalia, lateral views, respectively, of the five new species described in this paper; (A), (B), Heremusina udeoecetes n. sp. and H. pipatio n. sp.; (C) to (E), Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. (see also Pl. 4), X. aridula n. sp., X. rattrayi n. sp. Pygofer lengths are, respectively, 1.60, 1.70, 1.86, 1.91, and 1.9 mm.
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