FIGURE 9 in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions

FIGURE 9. Mugadina marshalli song. Waveform (A, B, D) and complimentary envelope (C, E) plots, of the ticking song of M. marshalli, recorded in open net, in grassland near Kaimkillenbun, southeast Queensland (A to C) and Yelarbon, S. Queensland, in situ with parabola in grassland (D, E). Fig. 9A shows an overview plot of the repeated pulses ('ticks'), the pulse repetition rates (PRR) varying between 4.9–5.4 Hz. Figs. 9B, C, are time expanded illustrating details of an individual pulse, showing that when viewed in detail, each actually comprises two dominant (primary) pulses, each followed by a weaker, but clearly separate pulse, the time gaps being 1.9 and 2.8 ms. These are interpreted as secondary pulses, produced by timbal 'OUT' (relaxation) movement. The two initial strong pulses exhibit weaker and almost coalesced pulses, which is suggested to result from the 'firing' of long ribs 2 to 5 (implying that the dominant pulses are produced by the 'IN' movements of timbal 1). The presence of two complete sets of pulses that comprise each 'tick' are inferred to result from a very short but significant delay in the contraction (firing) between the two timbals. Figs. 9D, E, represent time expanded plots from another M. marshalli from a separate location, showing the similar arrangement and structures of the pulses, although the gaps between the primary and secondary pulses are significantly longer. Filtered to 1 kHz.