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7 results for “Xeropsalta”
FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 18. Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. (A) to (D), waveform plots of field recording, in open net, from the Thomson River flood plain, 130 km S. W. of Longreach (Noonbah Station), western Queensland. Fig. 18A, complete phrase, starting as relatively tightly compacted sets of pulses extending to ~3 s, after which they progressively open up between 3–4 sec, thereafter forming repeated, well defined echemes continuing to the end of song. The mean echeme RR is 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18B, shows the initial 700 ms of song, showing initial sets of isolated pulse doublets extending to about 200 ms, after which the pulse doublets progressively coalesce into discrete macrosyllables, each comprised of 6 pulses. Fig. 18C, between about 2–3.5 s into the song, there is a progressive merging of the macrosyllables leading into the initial phase of the rearrangement of the song into echemes. These are comprised of sets of triplet syllables (forming macrosyllables) enclosed by short echemes comprised from 5–16 sets of merged triplet syllables. At approximately 4 s into the songs, these develop into the discrete and repeated macrosyllables, occurring throughout the remainder of the song. Fig. D, the final 8 echemes of the song phrase are shown in detail. Each echeme comprises 4–9 discrete (separated) macrosyllables, these each comprised two (more rarely 3) syllables, excepting the two final macrosyllables which are almost fused, each with 5 to 6 syllables. Each syllable comprises 6 pulses, with pulse PRR of 885–1075 Hz. Mean macrosyllable RR (excluding the final two in each echeme) are 38–42 Hz, and the echeme RR are 3.6 Hz. Fig. 18E, song of X. thomsoni from Birdsville, southwestern corner of Queensland, recorded on the Diamantina River flood plain. The structure of the song is very close to that of the Thomson R. specimens, the only significant difference being the consistently slightly lower pulse, syllable, macrosyllable and echeme RR, possibly temperature related (recording by L.W. Popple; compare also Fig. 21). Filtered A to D 3kHz; E to 5 kHz.
FIGURE 28. Xeropsalta festiva n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 28. Xeropsalta festiva n. sp., field recording (L.W.Popple), Hilston, N.S.W. Fig. 28A, overview waveform plot of multiple echemes with the intervening, isolated, high amplitude double pulses. (B), time expanded view of an echeme showing the abrupt initial start, followed by a short gentle decrease, and then progressively increasing amplitude extending to the abrupt termination. The strongly developed pulse doublets emitted before and after the echeme are clearly shown. (C), detailed time expanded plot of selected segment of echeme (see (B) for location) showing three macrosyllables, each, with 6 pulses. Macrosyllable RR range between 132–139 Hz. (D), detailed time expanded plot of a double pulse showing the pulse structures. Each of the two dominant pulses are themselves doublets with a separation of 1 ms, and each is evidently followed by a much weaker secondary pulses (labeled as 'S' in plot D, timbal relaxation 'OUT' pulses), emitted between 2.1–2.4 ms after the primary pulses. The two sets of doublet pulses are interpreted as the results of small, but asymmetries of the firing of two timbals. Filtered 2 kHz.
FIGURE 23. Xeropsalta aridula n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 23. Xeropsalta aridula n. sp. Time expanded waveforms and complimentary envelope plots of two selected segments of echemes. Figs. 23 A, B, recording near start of an echeme, showing the details of four macrosyllables, these each characterised by high amplitude pulses emitted at the end of each macrosyllable. Although each macrosyllable has six higher amplitude main pulses, the pulses show a marked tendency to occur in sets of 4 or 3 pulses. The initial smaller pulse of each macrosyllable is followed closely by a gap (0.8–0.9 ms) and then a set of 4 pulses. These pulse patterns are inferred to result from a slight offset (asynchrony) of pulse emissions between the two timbals, resulting in partial pulse overlaps and the grouping of pulses into 4 or 3 sets, the start of each macrosyllable is marked by 3 partially merged pulses. These 3-pulse sets are inferred to result from the complete overlap of a second peak with the following first peak, resulting in the higher amplitude central peaks. Figs. 23C, D are cage recordings, in which at the end of echemes, the normal 2-timbal song is modified by the cessation of one timbal, causing a drop of the RR of the pulse doublets by half. In these 1 timbal segments, the doublet pulses show the initial high amplitude pulse and following low amplitude peak (0.8–0.9 ms offset). One interpretation is therefore that the initial strong peak results from the timbal rib 1, the weaker peak from the flexing of ribs 2 to 5. The alternate explanation is that the second weaker peaks are the secondary relaxation 'OUT' pulses. Filtered A, B, to 1 kHz. C, D unfiltered.
FIGURE 26. Xeropsalta rattrayi n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 26. Xeropsalta rattrayi n. sp. Waveform and companion envelope plots (A, B) of a time expanded segment from the extended echeme shown in Fig. 25B (which shows the precise location within the echeme), and Figs. 25C, D, the time expanded termination of a short echeme (shown in detail in Fig. 25D). Figs, 26A, B illustrate three macrosyllables, each with 6 sets of pulse doublets. The strongest amplitude pulses mark the start of each macrosyllable, these, however, grouped into alternating sets of 3 to 4 pulses (see especially Fig. 26B, the numbers above the pulses indicating the number of pulses in each set). The sets of pulses between the high amplitude sets at the start and end of each macrosyllable also show a tendency for alternation between 4 and 3 pulses, although the pulse structures are somewhat blurred and merged. Fig. 26C, D, waveform and envelope plots of the 'inflated' termination of the short echeme as shown in Fig 25 D, with higher amplitude sets of pulses tending to occur at start of each macrosyllable. The pulses between the start and end of each macrosyllables also exhibit an apparent alternation between 4 and 3 pulses. More detailed examination, however, reveals that the '3-pulse' sets do possess weak doublets, the middle pulses containing these doublets clearly of slightly longer duration (0.6–0.7 ms) than the other pulses (0.3–0.5 ms), indicating merging of pulses. The apparent complexity of the pulse structure is, as also seen in X. aridula songs, attributed to the partial and/or complete overlaps between the double pulses. This is seen in the relative lengths of the pulse sets, those with 4 pulse sets of slightly longer durations than the 'apparent' 3-pulse sets. Mean macrosyllable RR's are 117–132 Hz. Unfiltered.
FIGURE 19. Xeropsalta thomsoni n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 19. Xeropsalta thomsoni n. sp. Song details as in Figs. 18A to D. Fig. 19A, time expanded details of the macrosyllable structures within a single echeme, the initial five macrosyllables each comprised two nearly merged syllables. The final two macrosyllables are each comprised of three nearly merged syllables. Fig 19 B, C, waveform and envelope plots, time expanded, of the final macrosyllable shown in Fig. 19A, showing the three syllables, each with 6 clearly defined pulses, the mean duration of the individual pulses 0.37 ms, and PRR ranging between 1069–1085 Hz. Fig.19D, E, waveform and envelope plots of segment of extended macrosyllable (see Fig. 18C for location), emitted prior to the break-up of the song into discrete echemes. This shows a short segment of continuous song, in which four macrosyllables are discernable, each macrosyllable finishing with a high amplitude pulse, each macrosyllable with three clearly defined sets of double pulses, the strongest followed by weaker secondary pulses (timbal relaxation 'OUT' pulses). The arrangement of the pulses, including the secondary pulses, indicates an apparent groupings with 2, 4, and 3 pulses, shown in the plot. Filtered 3 kHz.
FIGURE 22. Xeropsalta aridula n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 22. Xeropsalta aridula n. sp., field recordings (with parabola), Cravens Peak area, eastern Simpson Desert, far western Queensland, low grassland (following heavy rains), mostly disturbed vegetation, locally dominated by introduced button grass (Dactyloctenium radulans). (A) waveform overview of a complete phrase showing the repetitive discrete echemes, these ranging between 236–375 ms in duration, with RR of 2.6 Hz. The initial echemes are longer than the following echemes. (B) Another waveform plot showing echemes which are fragmented into shorter phrases, each comprised varying numbers of echemes, commonly observed in the X. aridula n. sp. songs. (C) time expanded waveform of initial echeme shown in Fig. 22B, illustrating the increasing pulse amplitudes, reaching a maximum at ~400 ms, followed by a slight amplitude decline, the termination marked by a sharp break, followed by a discrete macrosyllable. Fig. 22D, E, further time expanded waveform and envelope curve of the end of an echeme (excluding the final discrete macrosyllable), showing the detailed pulse structures, with the development of well defined macrosyllables, each comprising 6 primary pulses, each immediately followed by (in fact partially merged with) slightly weaker second pulses. These weaker pulses could either represent the slight time offset (asynchrony) of the emission of pulses from the two timbals, this thought to be most likely, or are secondary pulses produced by timbal relaxation ('OUT' clicks) of timbals, this thought to be less applicable due to the relatively strong development of these second pulses (see Fig. 23C, D below).
FIGURE 25. Xeropsalta rattrayi n in Two new genera and five new species of Mugadina - like small grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) from Central and Eastern Australia: comparative morphology, songs, behaviour and distributions
FIGURE 25. Xeropsalta rattrayi n. sp., all cage recordings: (A), overview waveform showing the repeated and moderately extended echemes, approximately 1–1.5 s in duration, with multiple interspersed short echemes (0.16–0.27 s durations, mean RR 2.5 Hz). A distinctive property of all these echemes is their termination with sharply defined, and relatively abrupt increase in amplitudes. (B), time expanded waveform of a longer echeme (see Fig. 25A for location), illustrating the changing amplitudes, initially low intensity, followed at approximately 0.3 sec with a marked increase which extends for about 0.4–0.5 s, followed by a decreasing amplitude segment (approximately 0.2 s duration), and the final sharp increase at the echeme termination. (C), a more detailed time expanded segment from the initial 90 ms of the echeme (illustrated in previous Fig. 25 B); this illustrates the initial syllable doublets, these progressively merging into longer macrosyllable with 6 pulses. (D), time expanded view of a complete short echeme (location shown in Fig. 25A), illustrating the extended low amplitude macrosyllables, these initially comprised syllable doublets, which very slowly increase in amplitude and progressively merge, leading at the end of the echeme to the final sharp amplitude 'inflation'. Unfiltered.
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