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Fig. 3 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 3. Fatty acid isoprenoid alchohol ester content in leaves of African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from green leaves by solid phase extractions. Fatty acid phytyl esters (FAPEs) and fatty acid geranylgeranyl esters (FAGGEs) were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. Data show mean ± SD, n = 3.

Fig. 1 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 1. Schematic overview of isoprenoid alcohol metabolism in African Oil Palm. Geranygeranyldiphosphate (geranylgeranyl-PP) can be esterified with chlorophyllide yielding geranylgeranylchlorophyll, or dephosphorylated to yield geranylgeraniol. Geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll is reduced to phytol-containing chlorophyll by geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR), and the resulting phytol tail can be released. Isoprenoid alcohols can be esterified with fatty acids producing FAPE and FAGGE, respectively, presumably by one of the EgELT enzymes in Oil Palm. Geranylgeranyl-PP is the substrate for the synthesis of carotenoids and tocotrienol. Phytol can be phosphorylated two times by VTE5 and VTE6 yielding phytyl-diphosphate (phytol-PP), the precursor for tocopherol synthesis.

Fig. 5 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 5. Fatty acid FAPE and FAGGE contents and composition in kernels of wild accessions of the African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from kernel tissue of the Deli x La Me´line and of wild accessions by solid phase extraction. FAPEs and FAGGEs were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE contents; (b) total and FAGGE contents; (c) FAPE composition; (d) FAGGE composition. Data are mean and SD, n =3. Values significantly different from Deli x La M´e; *P <0.05; **P <0.01; Student's t-test.

Fig. 4 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 4. Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester contents and composition in the mesocarp of wild accessions of the African Oil Palm. The wax ester fraction was isolated from mesocarp of the Deli x La Me´line and of wild accessions by solid phase extraction. FAPEs and FAGGEs were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE contents; (b) total FAGGE contents; (c) FAPE composition; (d) FAGGE composition. Data are mean and SD, n = 3. Values significantly different from Deli x La M´e; *P <0.05; **P <0.01; Student's t-test.

Fig. 2 in Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester synthesis in fruits of the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Fig. 2. Fatty acid isoprenoid alcohol ester content and composition in mesocarp and kernel of the Deli x La Me´line. The wax ester fraction was isolated from mesocarp and kernel tissues of fruits of the Deli x La Me´line by solid phase extraction. Fatty acid phytyl esters (FAPEs) and fatty acid geranylgeranyl esters (FAGGEs) were quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis. (a) Total FAPE and FAGGE contents in mesocarp and kernel tissues. (b) Molecular species composition of FAPEs and FAGGEs in mesocarp and kernel tissue. Data show mean ± SD, n = 3. Values significantly different between tissues, or between FAPE and FAGGE in the same tissue, are indicated by asterisks. *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01; Student's t-test.

FIGURE 10 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 10. Habitus of Cobacella rubescens syntype female from Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico (image credit Harald Bruckner, Hemiptera Image Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna); (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (C) ventral view, and (C) labels.

FIGURE 9 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 9. Habitus of Cobacella specimens from the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH); (A) Cobacella sexguttata Fennah (Amazonas, Brazil, Det. P.S. Broomfield), (B–C) Cobacella rubescens (Fowler), syntype female (B) lateral and (C) dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 5. Male Cobacella palmensis sp. n. terminalia; (A) lateral view, (B) ventral view, and (C) dorsal view.

FIGURE 8 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 8. Adult male of Sayiana sayi; (A) habitus lateral view, (B) habitus dorsal view, (C) forewing, (D) terminalia in lateral view, (E) aedeagus dorsal view, (F) aedeagus ventral view, (G) aedeagus right lateral, (H) aedeagus left lateral view and (I) terminalia ventral view; scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 4. Adult male forewing of Cobacella palmensis sp. n.; black = vein, italics = crossvein, green = cell.

FIGURE 7 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood trees (1,000 replicates) showing the relationship of Cobacella palmensis sp. n. relative to other available species of Otiocerinae; (A) COI, (B)18S, (C) 28S and (D) consensus tree based on concatenated COI and 18S sequence data, scale bar = percent nucleotide difference.

FIGURE 6 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 6. Aedeagus of Cobacella palmensis sp. n.; (A) right lateral view, (B) left lateral view, (C) dorsal view, and (D) ventral view.

FIGURE 2 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 2. Adult habitus of Cobacella palmensis sp. n.; (A) adult male lateral view, (B) adult male dorsal view, (C) adult female lateral view, and (D) adult female dorsal view.

FIGURE 3 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 3. Adult male of Cobacella palmensis sp. n.; (A) head, pronotum, and mesonotum in dorsal view, (B) lateral view, and (C) head and pronotum in frontal view; scale bar = 1 mm.

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Figs. 3 A-D. A. Elaeis guineensis N. J in Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl. no Litoral Piauiense, Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil

Figs. 3 A-D. A. Elaeis guineensis N. J. Jacquin. (Nascimento 40) Hábito; B. Detalhe do fruto; C, D. C. Mauritia flexuosa L. (Nascimento 44) Hábito; D. Detalhe do fruto; E. Orbignya martiniana Barb. Rodr. (Nascimento 45). Barras: Fig. A = 1,8 cm; Figs. B, D = 1 cm; Fig. C = 2,6 cm; Fig. E = 2,1 cm.

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FIGURE 1 in A newspecies ofplanthopper in thegenus Cobacella (Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha Derbidae) from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Costa Rica

FIGURE 1. Locality and habitat of Cobacella palmensis sp. n..