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74 results for “sexual system”
Fig. 2. Oepikellid ostracods from Palaeozoic erratic boulders. A in Sexual dimorphism and pore systems in Ordovician ostracodes
Fig. 2. Oepikellid ostracods from Palaeozoic erratic boulders. A. Holotype of the type species of the oepikellid ostracod Levisulculus, Levisulculus lineatus Jaanusson, 1957 (UM T89), female left valve, length (L) 0.89 mm. B. Holotype of Primitia extraria Öpik, 1937 (TUG 1120−1; Kukruse Stage, Estonia), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.88 mm. C. Holotype of Primitia troedssoni Thorslund, 1940 (UM T10), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.79 mm. D. Holotype of Primitia granulosa Thorslund, 1940 (UM T11), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.86 mm (Jaanusson 1957: pl. 8: 12, Öpik 1937: pl. 10: 19, Thorslund 1940: pl. 1: 16, 13). E–H. Primitia elongata obliqua Steusloff, 1895: type series, all tecnomorphic valves embedded in rock. Geschiebe (glacial erratic boulder) from Neubrandenburg. E. Lectotype GG 114−27, left valve, L 1.16 mm (without velum). F. GG 114−26, right valve, L 1.07 mm. G. GG 114−28, right valve, L 0.99 mm (without velum). H. GG 114−29, right valve, L 0.82 mm. I. Primitia canaliculata Steusloff, 1895, holotype GG 114−25, steinkern of a juvenile right valve embedded in rock, L 0.70 mm, same erratic boulder.
Data for: Characterization of a sperm motility signaling pathway in a gonochoric coral suggests conservation across sexual systems
<p>Most stony corals liberate their gametes into the water column via broadcast spawning, where fertilization hinges upon the activation of directional sperm motility. Sperm from gonochoric and hermaphroditic corals display distinct morphological and molecular phenotypes, yet it is unknown whether the signaling pathways controlling sperm motility are also distinct between these sexual systems. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap using the gonochoric broadcast spawning coral <em>Astrangia</em> <em>poculata</em>. We found that cytosolic alkalinization of sperm activates the pH-sensing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), which is required for motility. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time in any cnidarian that sAC activity is necessary for PKA activation, and PKA activity is also required for motility. Ultrastructures of <em>A. poculata</em> sperm displayed morphological homology with other gonochoric cnidarians, and investigation of cnidarian proteomes revealed that sAC exhibits broad structural and functional conservation across this phylum. These results indicate a conserved role for pH-dependent sAC-PKA signaling in sperm motility across coral sexual systems and suggest that the role of this pathway in sperm motility is likely ancestral in metazoans. Finally, the dynamics of this pH-sensitive pathway may play a critical role in determining the sensitivity of marine invertebrate reproduction to anthropogenic ocean acidification.</p>
Data for: Characterization of a sperm motility signaling pathway in a gonochoric coral suggests conservation across sexual systems
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Data from: Fruit resources shape sexual selection processes in a lek mating system
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Condition dependence in the sexual communication system of the Tungara frog
<p>Sexual selection can result in the evolution of extreme armaments and ornaments, and the development and maintenance of these traits can come at a considerable cost. These costs have been implicated in enforcing an upper limit on trait divergence and promoting condition-dependent traits such that only individuals in sufficiently high condition can effectively wield these armaments and advertise these ornaments. Numerous studies demonstrate the condition-dependence of sexually selected traits, especially those used by males to advertise to females. In this study, we investigated condition-dependent mating calls in the túngara frog <em>Physalaemus</em> (<em>Engystomops</em>) <em>pustulosus</em>. We manipulated male condition in the laboratory over a nine-day period by restricting food availability. We then documented the relationship between male condition (the relative change in body mass from night 1 to night 9) and acoustic parameters of his mating call; how male condition influenced the male's responses to call playbacks; and finally, if male condition influenced the attractiveness of the male's calls to females. Males who were not fed during this period showed significant changes to acoustic parameters relating to frequency, duration, and amplitude. In response to playbacks, unfed males called less, and made fewer complex calls. Finally, in phonotaxis experiments, females were more attracted to the calls of unfed males on night 1 to the calls of the same males on night 9. Fed males, on the other hand, showed no significant differences between nights 1 and 9 in call parameters, calling effort, and call attractiveness. This study shows the pervasive effects of condition on three aspects of sexual communication: signal parameters, behavioral response to vocal competition, and mating call attractiveness.</p>
Fig. 1 in Sexual dimorphism and pore systems in Ordovician ostracodes
Fig. 1. Morphological terminology explained in Swantina pseudobliqua.
Condition dependence in the sexual communication system of the Tungara frog
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Data from: Not all weeds are created equal: a database approach uncovers differences in the sexual system of native and introduced weeds
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Data from: Mating consequences of contrasting hermaphroditic plant sexual systems
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Drivers of large-scale geographical variation in sexual systems of woody plants
<p><b>Aim: </b>Sexual systems strongly influence angiosperm evolution, and play important roles in community assembly and species responses to climate change. However, geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems (dioecy, monoecy, and hermaphroditism) in response to changes in climate, life-history traits and evolutionary age remains poorly understood. Here, we map the geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems and hypothesize that the prevalence of hermaphrodites increases with aridity due to their advantages in colonizing harsh environment, whereas dioecy is most successful in humid regions with tall-canopy vegetation and old floras.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>China</p> <p><b>Time period: </b>Current</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Woody angiosperms</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>Using data on sexual systems and distributions of 10,449 woody species in China, we estimated the proportions of different sexual systems in local floras (50 × 50 km grid cells). Spatial linear models, phylogenetic general linear models and structural equation models were used to compare the relative influences of climate, plant height and evolutionary age on geographical variation in proportions of different sexual systems.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We found contrasting geographical patterns in the proportions of different sexual systems. The proportions of dioecy and monoecy increased with plant height and were highest in humid regions with older floras, while that of hermaphroditism decreased with plant height and was highest in arid regions with younger floras. Plant height was the strongest correlate of sexual system frequency. Climate influenced sexual system frequency both directly and indirectly via its effects on plant height.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>Our study provides the first continuous map of sexual system composition in woody floras over a large spatial scale. Our findings suggest that mature plant height, reflecting plant longevity, dominates geographical variation in sexual systems and that the proportions of different sexual systems in local floras may reflect their correlated evolution with traits in response to climate changes.</p>
The intensity of sexual selection, body size and reproductive success in a mating system with male-male combat: Is bigger better?
Body size is a key selected trait in many animal systems: larger size is sexually selected for in males because it confers a reproductive advantage during contest competition for access to females, and larger females are naturally selected for fecundity. Herein, we used radio-telemetry to gather a large dataset of male-female interactions and DNA paternity analyses to characterize the intensity of sexual selection and the link between two body size metrics (body length and condition, the latter manipulated experimentally for males) and reproductive success in a population of puff adders (Bitis arietans). Our multiple estimates of the intensity of sexual selection generally indicated that males experienced stronger sexual selection than females. However, the Bateman gradients did not differ by sex, despite the fact that males increased reproductive success by mating with multiple females while females did not. We also found no strong evidence that females experienced indirect fitness benefits through multiple matings. Body size was not a key predictor of male reproductive success, and for females, body condition—but not body length—was the critical fecundity trait. Altogether, a combination of factors suggests that post–copulatory mechanisms of sexual selection (e.g., sperm competition, cryptic female choice) may play critical roles in this mating system and perhaps that of other snakes. We interpret our findings in the context of sexual conflict—a ubiquitous and potent driver of mating strategy evolution—to propose a scenario for the evolution of female promiscuity that is applicable to many other animal systems where males roam widely to locate females at high costs.
Data from: Mating system, reproductive success and sexual selection in bluntnose klipfishes (Clinus cottoides)
A critical part of the sexual selection process in animals is the genetic mating system. Quantifying mating systems, especially in species with cryptic life-histories can be challenging. One approach is to use genotypic markers and accurate parentage analysis, along with methods to account for bias when sampling natural populations, to calculate sexual selection metrics derived from Bateman's principles. In this study, three microsatellites were used to genotype 48 adults (23 female and 25 male) and 342 offspring from known mothers of live-bearing bluntnose klipfish. Parentage analysis was performed to interpret mating and reproductive success for both sexes. Metrics quantified were the opportunity for selection (I), the opportunity for sexual selection (Is), absolute (βss) and standardised (β'ss) Bateman gradients and the maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max). Multiple mating by both sexes were revealed by parentage analysis. However, females did not show significant Bateman gradients or a significant maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max), whereas male sexual selection metrics were all significantly greater than zero. These results suggests a polygynandrous mating system for this species. There is an opportunity for sexual selection to act on males but not females in this population, which is evolutionary tied to anisogamy, parental investment and sex-roles.
FIG. 2 in Spatial, Seasonal, and Sexual Variation in the Diet of Graptemys flavimaculata, a Threatened Turtle of the Pascagoula River System, Mississippi, USA
FIG. 2. Diets of male and female Graptemys flavimaculata from the Leaf (LR) and lower Pascagoula Rivers (PR) by season (Spring—dark gray, Summer—black, Fall—light gray). Prey items are sorted alphabetically with minor items not included.
FIG. 1 in Spatial, Seasonal, and Sexual Variation in the Diet of Graptemys flavimaculata, a Threatened Turtle of the Pascagoula River System, Mississippi, USA
FIG. 1. Percent molluscivory of male and female Graptemys flavimaculata from the Leaf River (LR) and the lower Pascagoula River (PR).
Figure 6 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 6. Pleopodal characteristics of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, gross morphology of the second pleopod showing the appendio interna and appendio masculina on the endopod* Both endopod and exopod are on the protopod* B, general view of the endopod with appendio interna and appendio masculina* Notice the plumose setae on the inner margin of the endopod (arrow)* C, long appendio interna* D, detail of the hooked-like cincinnuli on the appendio interna* E, dorsal view of the appendio interna and appendio masculina apex* F, detail of appendio masculina showing one smooth face while the other is sclerotized and with strong socket-like spines* G, detail of the longest apical spine of the appendio masculina* Notice the margin of the socket (arrow)* H, first pleopod of an ovigerous hermaphrodite individual with the ovigerous setae (arrow)* I, second pleopod of a non-ovigerous hermaphrodite individual with ovigerous setae* J, third pleopod of a male phase individual without the ovigerous setae* K, detail of long and thin filiform ovigerous setae (arrow)* AI, appendio interna; AM, appendio masculina; CI, cincinnuli; EN, endopod; EX, exopod; PR, protopod; 1st, first pleopod; 2nd, second pleopod; 3rd, third pleopod*
Figure 7 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 7. Gonopores of Salmoneus carvachoi* SEM external morphology* A, ventral view of a male phase shrimp with distal segments of the pereiopods were removed* B, general view of the shallow and flat sternum (asterisks) related to pereiopod I–V coxae* Notice the male gonopore (arrow)* C, absence of the female gonopore on third pereiopod coxa (arrowhead)* D, fifth pereiopod coxa with the male gonopore covered with partial ejaculated spermatophore* E, view of the shallow and flat hermaphrodite phase sternum (asterisks)* The male (arrow) and female (arrow heads) gonopores are noticed* F, G, detail of right and left female gonopore as a simple curved slit with valve-like operculum (arrow)* The female gonopore is surrounded with simple short filiform setae* H, male gonopore of a hermaphrodite phase individual* The protruding operculated (arrow) gonopore is in mid-basal coxa* I, hermaphrodite male gonopore with partially ejaculated spermatophore* J, SEM of the spermatozoa with the acrosomal vesicle showing a long spike and acrosomal cap above the main body with concave nucleus* I–V, first to fifth pereiopod* AC, acrosomal cap; AV, acrosomal vesicle FG, female gonopore; MG, male gonopore; N, nucleus; S, setae; SK, spike; SP, spermatophore; SZ, spermatozoon*
Figure 4 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 4. Transition between male and female reproductive system of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, gross morphology of the distal vas deferens region (DVD)* Slight dilated ampoule shows the androgenic gland (arrow)* B, detail of the androgenic gland from a hermaphrodite phase individual positioned in the same place as the male phase individuals* C, light microscopy of DVD slightly wider than the MVD* D, electron micrograph of DVD with the typhlosole as a discrete salient fold on one side of the vas deferens* E, histochemical aspect of DVD seminal fluid with the secretion type I without acid polysaccharides as well the globular compound of the secretion type II (white arrow)* The homogeneous compound of secretion type II is reactive to Alcian blue stain (black arrow)* F, fractured DVD showing the small amount of seminal fluid with spermatozoa immersed in the secretion type I surrounded by the secretion type II (arrow)* G, detail of the spermatozoon with tack morphology and a long spike* The secretion type I shows small granules, thin fibrils and some larger droplets (arrow)* H, thick musculature of the ampoule with many muscular fibres* The primordial spermatophore shows small amount of seminal fluid of the secretion type I and is surrounded by a thin layer of secretion type II (arrow)* I, male phase individual showing ovaries and testes forming the ovotestes, surrounded by blood capillaries (arrow)* The ovaries are filled with oogonia forming the germinal centre at the inner periphery of the ovarian lobe close the testes* The primary oocytes occupy the rest of the lobule while the spermatogenesis is still producing spermatozoa (arrowhead)* J, detail of the oogonia and primary oocytes arrested in the previtellogenic stage surrounded by follicle cells (black arrowhead)* Notice primary spermatocytes and spermatozoa (white arrowhead) in the testes* K, primordial ovaries found in male phase individuals* The ovarian wall cells are arranged in different strata around the ovary lumen forming a mandibulate type ovary* Detail of the ovarian wall cells showing long microvilli (arrowhead)* These cells are laying on the connective tissue shared with the testes* I–L, haematoxylin and eosin stain* M, ovarian wall cells with nucleus with mitotic prophase chromosome (arrow heads)* Toluidine blue stain* A *
Figure 2 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 2. Male reproductive system of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, general view showing the small testes (TE) and thin vasa deferentia (VD)* B, detail of the testes (TE) showing the lobular anatomy* Each lobule depicts 'Y-shaped' morphology* C, histology of the testes (TE) classified as lobular (acinous) type with each lobule (SL) filled with cells in the same stage of spermatogenesis* The spermatozoa (arrow) are released into seminiferous duct connected to the proximal vas deferens (PVDa)* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* D, detail of the seminiferous lobules (SL) filled with primary spermatocytes and another with metaphasic plates and anaphasis of meiosis I (arrow heads)* Each lobule is surrounded with accessory cells* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* E, F, longitudinal and transversal section, respectively, of the spermatozoon showing the spike (white arrowhead) and the acrosomal cap more basophilic (black arrowhead) above the nucleus* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* Scale bar = 4 um* G, spermatozoon reactive to proteins in the spike (white arrowhead) and strongly positive at the acrosomal cap (black arrowhead)* Xylidine ponceau stain* Scale bar = 4 um* H, absence of reaction to neutral polysaccharides in the spermatozoon* PAS stain* Scale bar = 4 um* I, ultrastructure of the testes and its continuity with the PVD* The anterior part of PVD running from the testes above the vas deferens and emerge at the centre of the coiled structure that compose the main part of PVD region which opens in the straight medium vas deferens (MVD)* J, detail of the PVD showing the anterior part emerging from the centre, whereas the distal part is coiled and showing the flap of typhlosole (arrow)* K, light microscopy of PVD with the anterior part filled with spermatozoa immersed in basophilic secretion* In the coiled posterior part of the PVD the sperm mass is packed against one side of the lumen in opposition to typhlosole (arrow)* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* AC, accessory (Sertoli) cell; EP, epithelium; L, testes lobule; MVD, medium vas deferens region; PVD, proximal vas deferens region; PVDa, anterior part of proximal vas deferens; PVDp, posterior part of proximal vas deferens; SCI, primary spermatocytes in meiotic prophase; SL, seminiferous lobules; T, typhlosole; TE, testes; VD, vas deferens*
Figure 5 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 5. Female reproductive system of a hermaphrodite individual of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, general view of ovotestes showing the small testes and thin vasa deferentia compared to the ovarian portion* The ovaries are organized in two lobes that grow anteriorly while the oviducts are positioned more posteriorly* B, light microscopy of the ovotestes* The female portion is voluminous showing vitellogenic oocytes surrounded with follicle cells* Notice the oviducts are in a more posterior position* The small male part is posterior and marked by the coiled proximal vas deferens* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* C, detail of ovotestes' connective tissue shared by the ovarian portion and testes portion (black arrow)* The anterior part of the proximal vas deferens is filled with spermatozoa* The ovaries have oocytes in both exogenous and endogenous vitellogenesis* Haematoxylin and eosin stain* D, SEM of the ovarian lobes showing the germinal centre as an inner shaft of small cells in each lobule at the mid-dorsal region of the cephalothorax (arrow)* The large vitellogenic oocytes are externally positioned in the lobe* E, detail of the germinal centre and connective tissue with many fenestrations (arrowheads)* F, vitellogenic oocytes with blood capillaries with haemocytes inside (arrowhead)* Notice in a fractured area the oolemma (white arrow) and the cells surface of the follicle cell (black arrow)* G, detail of ovarian follicle surface (arrow) and the haemocyte in the blood capillary (arrowhead)* H, endogenous vitellogenesis oocyte with small cytoplasm vesicles reactive to neutral polysaccharides and a few lipid droplets* The exogenous vitellogenic oocytes show mature yolk granules also positive to PAS stain* I, histology of the germinal centre with oogonia and their chromosomes in mitotic prophase* The pre-vitellogenenic oocyte has homogeneous basophilic cytoplasm* The ovaries show blood capillaries with haemocytes (arrow)* J, positive reaction for proteins in the yolk granules (arrow) in a mature oocyte also filled with numerous lipid droplets* The previtellogenic oocytes have homogeneous reaction in the cytoplasm* K, detail of the closed oviduct–ovary region (white arrow)* The oviduct is a simple cubic epithelium with closed lumen (black arrow)* Notice the numerous haemocytes in the blood capillary* C, capillary; CT, connective tissue; EO, Endogenous vitellogenic primary oocyte F, follicle cell; GC, germinal centre; HE, hemocyte; LI, lipid droplet; OC, exogenous vitellogenic primary oocyte; OD, oviduct; OF, ovarian follicle; OL, ovarian lobe; OO, oogonia; OT, ovotestes; OV, ovary; PO, previtellogenic oocyte; PVD, proximal vas deferens; TE, testes; VD, vas deferens*
Figure 1 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 (Decapoda: Alpheidae): a new sexual system in alpheid shrimps
Figure 1. Populational characterization of Salmoneus carvachoi* A, frequency of distribution in size classes (carapace length) in male-phase and hermaphrodite shrimps* B, relative growth of the appendio masculina length as a function of carapace length in male-phase and hermaphrodite shrimps*
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