Figure 1 from: Carpenter J, Kojima J, Villemant C (2013) Phylogeny of hornets: a total evidence approach (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae, Vespa). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 32: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.32.4685

Figure 1 - Phylogeny of the genus Vespa after Archer (1994a: figure 8).Tree updated for the current classification (Nguyen et al. 2006). The species groups discussed in this paper are as follows: 1 crabro 2 tropica 3 affinis 4 bicolor sensu Archer (1994b).