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671 results for “Tyrannosaurus”
Figure 10.15 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.15. Reconstructed of forelimb and pectoral girdle musculature in Tyrannosaurus based on results of Figures 10.13 and 10.14. Deep muscles in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views; intermediate muscles in lateral (C) and anterior (D) views; surficial muscles in lateral (E) and anterior (F) views. Scale in centimeters. Abbreviations: b, M. brachialis; bb, M. biceps brachii; cb, M. coracobrachialis brevis; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; dc, M. deltoideus davicularis; ds, M. deltoideus scapularis; hr, M. humeroradialis; Id, tendon for M. latissimus dorsi; p, M. pectoralis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; sed, M. scapulohumeralis caudalis; sci, M. supracoracoideus intermedius; si, M. supracoracoideus longus; tbi, M. triceps brevis intermedius; tll, M. triceps longus lateralis; tm, M. terres major. Terminology adapted from Meers (2003).
Figure 10.13 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.13. Deformation of a crocodilian and avian scapula and coracoid (SC) to approximate that of Tyrannosaurus. Wavy vertical lines show direction and degree of morphing. This method allows for the prediction of the position and shape of various muscles on the Tyrannosaurus SC (see text). (A) Tyrannosaurus scapula-coracoid used as the end point to morphing of the (B) crocodilian and (E) avian pectoral girdles. Note that 2 possible scenarios (C, D) occur in the morphing of the crocodilian SC depending on what portions of the crocodilian scapula is morphed into the acromion process of the Tyrannosaurus scapula. Location of actual muscle scars (G). Abbreviations: bb, M. biceps (continued) brachii; c-M. costocoracoideus; cbd, M. coracobrachialis brevis dorsalis; cbv, M. coracobrachialis brevis ventralis; ce, M. coracobrachialis externus; ch, M. coracohumeralis; dc, M. deltoideus clavicularis; ds, M. deltoideus scapularis; I, M. levator scapulae; rs, M. rhomboideus superficialis; sb, M. supracoracoideus brevis; sc, M. scapulohumeralis cranialis; scd, scapulohumeralis caudalis; se, M. subscapularis externus; si, M. supracoracoideus intermedius; svc, M. subscapularis ventralis cranialis; svt, M. serratus ventralis thoracis; t, M. trapezius; tbclps, M. triceps brachii; caput longus pars scapularis; tll, M. triceps longus lateralis; tm, M. terres major. Figure (B) and terminology adapted from Meers (2003); figure (E) and terminology adapted from Yasuda (2002). Although the terminology is retained for "dorsal" versus "ventral" muscles (e.g., m.c.b. ventralis), the more vertical position of the humerus in Tyrannosaurus indicates a need for modified terminology.
Figure 10.17. A 3-D in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.17. A 3-D representation of the forearm and manus in the Tyrannosaurus rex FMNH PR2081. In (A) lateral, (B) anterior, and (C) reaching views.
Figure 10.11 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.11. Distal carpal and metacarpals in articulation (BHI 6230). Proximal (A), digit I side (B), extensor side (C), digit III side (D). Scale in centimeters.
Figure 10.18 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.18. Comparison of forelimb length to hind limb length shows that a progressive reduction in forelimb length does not occur in the Tyrannosauridae. Abbreviations: Gu, Guanlong (basal tyrannosauroid); Go, Gorgosaurus; Da, Daspletosaurus; Ab, Albertosaurus; T, Tyrannosaurus.
Figure 11.9 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.9. (A) Reconstruction of the pectoral girdles and forelimbs based on CT data (except for the radiale and distal carpal, which were reconstructed within Dino- Morph). Three superim- posed poses are assume a symmetrically by left ana right forelimbs. With elbows and manus extended, the forelimbs can act as a jack stand to stabilize the body during ascent, but the line of action of the ground reaction force would have placed the furcula under significant bending stress, consistent with commonly observed healed fractures. Forelimb range of motion estimated in collaboration with Kenneth Carpenter.
Figure 11.2 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.2. (A) Dino Morph model of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen BHI3033 (Stan). The appendicular skeleton and head were digitized whereas the axial skeleton was represented schematic form, with important dimensions (e.g., centrum length, neural spine height, and intervertebral separations) dimensionally accurate. (B) The axial skeleton was laid out with reference to measurements taken from the mount and photographs (see text). Scale bar indicates an overall length of 11.2 m.
Figure 10.9 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.9. Muscle maps for humerus in Tyrannosaurus, Alligator, and Gallus. Top row is anterior, bottom row is posterior. Muscle map based on scars (A, F) Tyrannosaurus. Map for Alligator (B, G) and predicted for Tyrannosaurus (C, D) based on deformation of Alligator humerus. Map for Gallus (D, I) and predicted for Tyrannosaurus (E, J) based on deformation of Gallus humerus. Note that predicted scars for deformed Alligator (C, H) are a better match for the scars of Tyrannosaurus (A, F). This prediction is also supported by the pattern of avulsion seen in a Tyrannosaurus humerus (K, L). See Figure 10.13 and text for further explanation.
Figure 10.7 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.7. Partial collapse of the glenoid in DMNH 2827 as seen in lateral view (A), with close-up (B); in medial view (C), with close-up (D); and ventral view showing the telescoping that occurred between the arrows. Sclerotic bone overhangs the lateral surface. The amount of deformation decreases dorsally to about the level of the coracoid foremen and indicates a posteroventral rotation of the coracoid due to great stress.
Figure 10.5 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.5. Evidence for stress fracture in the furcula of TCM 2001.90.1 is the prominent callus (A), seen clearly in dorsal view (B) and in close-up showing periosteal reactive bone (C). The region is X-ray opaque because of the greater deposit of bone (D, between arrows). Scale for A in centimeters.
Figure 10.3 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.3. Close-up of the epicleidial facet (arrow) on the dorsal edge of the scapula DMNH 2827 (A) and lateral view with the furcula articulated (B).
Figure 10.1 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.1. Comparison of maximum forelimb motion in 3 well-known theropods. None of the dinosaurs can reach its manus to its mouth as a result of constraints in the shoulder (see Carpenter 2002). Note that Tyrannosaurus has the greatest range or retraction. Not to scale.
Figure 10.2 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.2. Furcula of Tyrannosaurus rex include several with pathologies, including fractures (black arrows) and localized exostosis of stress fractures (white arrows). FMNH PP2081 in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views; MOR 980 in posterior (C) and anterior (D) views; TCM 2001.90.1 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Scale in centimeters.
Figure 11.5 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.5. DinoMorph model of T. rex Stan demonstrating that the pubic shaft is sufficiently long that, with the animal's weight resting on the pubic boot, the hind limb is free to assume a broad range of positions from (A) crouch, to (B) kneel to (C) moderate extension of the hip and knee, to full leg extension when stretched behind the hips (not shown). Note that in these 3 images the tarsus is near the limit of flexion; in (A) and (B), the knee is fully flexed. Observe that the knee just clears the ground as it swings through hip flexion-extension, permitting repositioning of either hind limb while continuously resting on the pubic boot. Joint flexibility estimated in collaboration with Yoshio Ito and Kenneth Carpenter.
Figure 10.16 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.16. Free-body diagram (simplified model) of the forelimb of FMNH PR2081. Abbreviations: MF, motive force; MFA, motive force arm; RF, resistive force; RFA, resistive force arm.
Figure 11.4 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.4 (opposite). (A) Visualization of the distribution of body mass, based on a parametric fit to segments of body cross section of the axial and appendicular skeleton. (B) Computed COM visualized just anterior pubis, and above pes, as required for static bipedal balance.
Figure 11.1 in Rex, sit: digital modeling of Tyrannosaurus rex at rest
Figure 11.1. Ray Wilhite using an Immersion Microscribe digitizer on casts of elements of the pelvic girdle of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen BHI 3033 (Stan). Photo courtesy Ray Wilhite and Virtual Surfaces Inc.
Figure 10.10 in Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 10.10. Distal carpal (BHI6230) of Tyrannosaurus in multiple views: proximal or dorsal (A); distal or ventral (B); anterior (C); posterior (D); extensor side (E); palmar side (F). Metacarpal III of BHI 6230 in lateral (G) and extensor side (H). Metacarpal III of MOR 690 in lateral (I) and extensor side (J). Scale in centimeters.
FIGURE 2 in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications
FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of late Maastrichtian paleogeography, paleoenvironments, and dinosaur biogeography for the Western Interior of North America. A. Paleoenvironments mapped onto paleogeographic and biogeographic data: white = water (Pacific Ocean and Late Cretaceous Interior Seaway); light gray = seasonally moist coastal plain; white stipple = semiarid alluvial plain; gray stipple = semiarid upland, intermontane basins; and dark gray = upland thrust belts and early Laramide uplifts. Known paleogeographic distribution of three herbivorous dinosaurs are indicated as follows: Alamosaurus sanjuanensis occurrences indicated with ■; Leptoceratops gracilis occurrences indicated with a •; and Triceratops horridus occurrences indicated with a A. Numbers denote fossil sites within specific geologic formations. Geologic formations are indicated as follows: 1 = Scollard, 2 = Willow Creek, 3 = Frenchman, 4 = Hell Creek, 5 = Lance, 6 = Evanston, 7 = Laramie, 8 = North Horn, 9 = Denver, 10 = Kirtland Shale, 11 = McRae, 12 = El Picacho, 13 = Javelina. The North Horn Formation is further indicated by a star. Occurrences of fossil taxa are listed in Gillette et al. (1986), Lehman (1987) and Ryan and Russell (2001). B. Known paleogeographic distribution of the theropod Tyrannosaurus rex. Open circles denote occurrences, except for the North Horn Formation, indicated by a star.
Figure 4 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 4. Stress in the mobile FE Tyrannosaurus rex skull models generated by vertical biting (left column) or tearing (right column). (a,b,e, f) have a mobile postorbital–jugal suture; (c,d,g,h) have a mobile maxilla–jugal suture. (a) Principal stress 3 [P3], compressive stress; (b) P1 tensile stress; (c) P3 compressive stress; (d) P1 tensile stress; (e) P3 compressive stress; (f) P1 tensile stress; (g) P3 compressive stress; and (h) P1 tensile stress. Divergent arrows indicate orientation of tensile stress trajectories; convergent arrows indicate orientation of compressive stress trajectories. Units are Pa or Nm–2. See electronic Appendices B and C for shear stress and strain plots.
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