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Fig. 8. Compounds 1–3 in Phenolics from Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen protect SH-SY5Y cells against H O -induced oxidative stress

Fig. 8. Compounds 1–3 reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were pretreated with 1, 2, 3 (50 μM), then treated with H2O2 (200 μM) for 4h. The loss of ΔΨm was determined by JC-1 staining and measured by flow cytometric analysis. ##P <0.01 compared with the control group, **P <0.01, *P <0.05 compared with the H2O2 group.

Fig. 4. Compound 7 in Bufadienolide glycosides and bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus lividus, and their cytotoxic activity

Fig. 4. Compound 7 induced apoptosis in HL- 60 cells. A, Morphology of HL-60 cells treated with 7. HL- 60 cells were stained with DAPI after treatment with either 0.21 μM of 7 or 15 μM of etoposide for 15 h and then observed under a fluorescence microscope. B, Electrophoretic profile of the DNA of HL-60 cells treated with 7. HL-60 cells were incubated with either 0.21 μM of 7 or 15 μM of etoposide for 15 h. DNA was then extracted and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. C, Caspase-3 activity in the lysates of HL-60 cells treated with 7. HL-60 cells were incubated with either 0.21 μM of 7 or 15 μM of etoposide for 12 h, and the caspase-3 activity in the lysates was measured using a caspase-3 colorimetric kit. The data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. of three experiments. Results significantly different from that of the control group are indicated by * (p <0.001).

Fig. 2 in A H NMR-based metabolomic approach to study the production of antimalarial compounds from Psiadia arguta leaves (pers.) voigt

Fig. 2. (A) Aphids on leaves of P. arguta acclimatized plants, (B) Mealybugs on leaves of P. arguta acclimatized plants, (C) Aphids and (D) mealybugs.

Fig. 5. Compound 7 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A in Bufadienolide glycosides and bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus lividus, and their cytotoxic activity

Fig. 5. Compound 7 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A, Mitochondrial membrane morphology of HL- 60 cells treated with 7. HL-60 cells were stained with MitoCapture™ reagent after treatment with either 0.21 μM of 7 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 6 h and observed under a fluorescence microscope. B, Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria of HL-60 cells treated with 7. HL-60 cells were treated with either 0.21 μM of 7 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 8 h, and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm was evaluated by Western blot analysis.

Fig. 4. 1H in A H NMR-based metabolomic approach to study the production of antimalarial compounds from Psiadia arguta leaves (pers.) voigt

Fig. 4. 1H NMR spectra (CDCl, 600 MHz) of the ethyl acetate extracts from in vitro, healthy, attacked, and elicited acclimatized plants of P. arguta. Assignments: 3 signals a (δH 0.80, H3-19 and H3-20), b (δH 0.88, H3-18), and c (δH 1.16, H3-17) are characteristic of the labdane bicyclic ring; d (δH 0.92, H3-16), e (δH 1.71, H3-16), f (δH 2.12, H3-2′), g (δH 3.69, H2-15), and h (δH 4.13, H2-15) are assigned to labda-13(E)-en-8α-ol-15-yl acetate (1); labda-8α-ol-15-yl acetate (2); labda-13(E)-ene-8αol-15-diol (3); (8R,13S)-labda-8,15-diol (4).

Fig. 3 in A H NMR-based metabolomic approach to study the production of antimalarial compounds from Psiadia arguta leaves (pers.) voigt

Fig. 3. (A) OPLS-DA score plot, (B) permutation plot, (C) ROC plot and (D) S-plot generated from the 1H NMR spectra (600 MHz) of healthy and attacked P. arguta plantlets crude extracts. (E) Contribution plot generated from the comparison of spectral variables of attacked samples vs healthy samples. The labels 6, 7, 8 and 9 on the PCA score plot correspond to the age of the plant; AA: attacked acclimatized plants; AH: healthy acclimatized plants and VH: healthy axenic plants.

Fig. 2. 1H– 1H COSY correlations for compounds 6–10 and key HMBC correlations for compounds 1 and 6–10 in Iridoids and bis-iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi and their cytotoxicity against human glioma stem cells

Fig. 2. 1H– 1H COSY correlations for compounds 6–10 and key HMBC correlations for compounds 1 and 6–10.

Fig. 4. A in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 4. A. Growth of wild type root cultures on different Trp derivatives as compared to growth on MS medium only. B. Correlation of the relative growth and the production of different Cl-Trp compounds.

Fig. 3. A in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 3. A. All transgenic root lines were analyzed by the following experiments and the data are presented for selected lines transformed with the pMDC32+2xCaMV35S:pyrH:nosT construct (pyrH = 5-Cl-Trp-forming). Transformation of roots with A. rhizogenes was verified using gDNA and cDNA for a successful insertion and expression, respectively. A. Upper panel: Amplified rolB (423 bp) and rolC (626 bp) for three different lines (lanes 1–3) using gDNA. The virG gene (350 bp) was only detectable in the positive control (Ri-plasmid of A. rhizogenes) (lane +) "-" denotes a negative PCR control. Lower panel: Integration of full length hal gene (ca. 1.5 kb) using gDNA. Expression of full length hal gene (ca. 1.5 kb) using cDNA. "+": positive control (plasmid containing pyrH or the other hal genes), "-": negative PCR control, g: gDNA wild type, c: cDNA wild type, 1–3: three independent transgenic root culture lines with the pMDC32+2xCaMV35S:pyrH:nosT construct, "1-"-"3-": RT negative controls (containing no DNA). B. Western blot with the purified His-tagged proteins: 1: PyrH, 2: ThaI, 3: PrnA, a: PyrH synthesized in E. coli, b: positive control ThaI synthesized in E. coli, c: positive control PrnA synthesized in E. coli. Wild type protein as control did not show any signal (data not shown). C. Enzyme assay with the purified halogenase PyrH. The positive control is PyrH protein synthesized in bacteria. The negative control is purified protein from wild type root cultures. Since only for PyrH enzyme activity could be detected, the data for the other halogenases are shown in the supplement (Fig. S1). D. Production of chlorinated tryptophan (Cl-Trp) and indole-3-acetonitrile (ClIAN) in transgenic root lines. For each halogenase construct five independent lines were tested. Results for 5 lines per halogenase type with and without Histag are indicated by the numbers of lines with the respective metabolites. The detailed results for all individual lines are shown in the supplement (Fig. S2).

Fig. 6. A in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 6. A. Confirmation of i) that the regenerated plants contain still the rol genes and ii) the integration of the hal gene into the genome and its transcription into cDNA (1: regenerated plants from wild type root cultures; 2: BrRP-pyrHHIS.6; 3: A. rhizogenes plasmid; 4: negative PCR control; 5: positive control - hal amplification from plasmid; a: cDNA, b: cDNA "no template control; genomic DNA. B. Western blot of His-tagged halogenase (PyrH, Thal, PrnA: purified enzymes from overexpressing E. coli strain as positive controls; BrRP-HR = WT, regenerated plants from wild type root cultures; BrRP-S: regenerated plants from Chinese cabbage seedlings; BrRP-pyrH, -thal, -prnA: regenerated plants from transgenic roots.). Always two different dilutions were applied. The gel strips were from the same gel, but due to large parts with samples without an immunosignal, the respective areas were cut out and are presented here. C. Relative amounts of chlorinated metabolites in the regenerated plants.

Fig. 2 in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 2. Expected indole metabolites and their interconversion (in black) that could be derived from tryptophan via the indole glucosinolate/indole phytoalexin pathway. It is indicated (in grey) that there are alternative pathways to IAA. The possible induction (dashed arrows) of chlorinated metabolites by abiotic and biotic stress factors, the latter also via the signaling molecules salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, is shown.

Fig. 1 in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 1. Experimental scheme showing the different types of plant materials generated. A. Mature wild type plants/seedlings; B. Wild type and transgenic root cultures; C. Regenerated sterile plants from wild type seedlings; D. Regenerated sterile plants from wild type and transgenic root cultures; E. Adult plants in soil from wild type cultures; F. Adult plants in soil from transgenic root cultures.

Fig. 5 in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 5. Left: Average number of regenerated shoots for 25 Brassica rapa "hairy root" lines (denoted therefore as BrHR ….) on 3 media compositions (n = 24). Medium A: GB5 medium containing 8 g l−1 phytoagar, 20 g l−1 sucrose and 10 mg l−1 6-BAP. Medium B: MS medium containing 8 g l−1 phytoagar, 30 g l−1 sucrose, 4 mg l−1 6-BAP, 4 mg l−1 AgNO3 and 3 mg l−1 NAA. Medium C: MS medium containing 8 g l−1 phytoagar, 30 g l−1 sucrose, 4 mg l−1 6-BAP, 4 mg l−1 AgNO3 and 0.5 mg l−1 NAA. Right: Shoot regeneration from B. rapa root cultures. Pieces from these root cultures were cut into pieces of approximately 1 cm2 and placed on semisolid agar (A). Regeneration of shoots was visible after 4 weeks of cultivation (B). Regenerated shoots were separated and transferred to fresh media (C). Shoot growth was often accompanied by growth of transformed/transgenic roots (D). Shoots of adequate biomass quality were subcultivated (E). Some B. rapa lines displayed a shortened life cycle after regeneration and began flowering (F).

Fig. 7 in Hairy root transformation of Brassica rapa with bacterial halogenase genes and regeneration to adult plants to modify production of indolic compounds

Fig. 7. Comparison of phenotypic traits for three groups of Brassica rapa grown in the greenhouse. WT – shoots from wild type plants grown from seeds (photo A); REG – regenerated shoots originated from transformed root cultures (photo B); HLR – regenerated shoots originated from transgenic roots transfected with bacterial hal genes (photo C). Significant differences between treatments are labeled as follows: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 (with n = minimum of 20 individually potted plants). Leaves of in vitro shoots originated from seeds (left) or regenerated from root cultures (right) are shown.

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Fig. 2. Compounds 3, 6 in Triterpenoids with anti-proliferative effects from the seeds of Peganum harmala L.

Fig. 2. Compounds 3, 6, and 15 decreased the cell viability of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. A. A colony formation assay was used to evaluate the effects of compounds 3, 6, and 15 on the proliferation of HeLa cells. B. Compounds 3, 6, and 15 induced apoptosis of HeLa cells and a change in cell nuclei morphology.

opennotspecifiedMay 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Bioactive sulfur-containing compounds from Xanthium sibiricum, including a revision of the structure of xanthiazinone

Fig. 3. Perspective drawing of the X-ray structures of 1–3, 5, and 7 (with thermal ellipsoid probability of 30%).

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Fig. 4. Compound 2 in Bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus foetidus and their cytotoxicity

Fig. 4. Compound 2 induced apoptosis in HL- 60 cells. A, Morphology of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were stained with DAPI after treatment with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 15 μM of etoposide for 20 h and then observed under a fluorescence microscope. B, Cell cycle progression of the HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were treated with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 15 μM of etoposide for 10 h, and the cell cycle distribution was analyzed by a flow cytometer. C, Electrophoretic profile of the DNA of HL- 60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were incubated with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 15 μM of etoposide for 14 h. DNA was then extracted and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. D, Caspase-3 activity in the lysates of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were incubated with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 15 μM of etoposide for 12 h, and the caspase-3 activity in the lysates was measured using a caspase-3 colorimetric kit. The data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. of three experiments. Results significantly different from that of the control group are indicated by * (p <0.001).

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Fig. 5. Compound 2 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A in Bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus foetidus and their cytotoxicity

Fig. 5. Compound 2 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A, Mitochondrial membrane morphology of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were stained with MitoCapture™ reagent after treatment with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 10 h and observed under a fluorescence microscope. B, Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were treated with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 6 h, and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm was evaluated by Western blot analysis.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

Fig. 10 in Isolation of CFTR and TMEM16A inhibitors from Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt: Potential lead compounds for treatment of secretory diarrhea

Fig. 10. Anti-diarrheal application of compound 10 (A) Effect of compound 10 on CT-induced chloride secretion in T84 cells. (B) Effect of compound 10 on CT-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mouse close-loop. Ileal loops were instilled with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS containing cholera toxin (1 μg/loop) with or without intraluminal (i.l.) administration of compound 10 (16.9 μg/loop). Loop weight/length ratios were evaluated 6 h after CT challenges. ***, P <0.001 when compared with control ###, P <0.001 when compared with the CT-treated group (one-way ANOVA) (n = 5).