Research data · Reward and motivation
Self-administration
From 2021 to 2025, 1,399 animal research papers mentioned self-administration in their title or abstract, ranking it 12th of the 90 tests we track.
That is 9% fewer than the 1,539 papers of 2011 to 2015. Between the same two periods, all the animal research papers that mention any of the 90 tests we count rose 22%. The 2021 to 2025 count may run low because of a dip in PubMed's indexing, explained under the year chart.
Papers by year
Animal research papers that mention self-administration, by year, 2001 to 2026
The 2026 bar counts papers added to PubMed by November 8, 2026.
- Papers in a full year
- 2026 so far
Show the counts for each year
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2001 | 142 |
| 2002 | 195 |
| 2003 | 164 |
| 2004 | 185 |
| 2005 | 205 |
| 2006 | 206 |
| 2007 | 257 |
| 2008 | 277 |
| 2009 | 242 |
| 2010 | 241 |
| 2011 | 272 |
| 2012 | 292 |
| 2013 | 326 |
| 2014 | 339 |
| 2015 | 310 |
| 2016 | 324 |
| 2017 | 312 |
| 2018 | 328 |
| 2019 | 299 |
| 2020 | 328 |
| 2021 | 329 |
| 2022 | 275 |
| 2023 | 277 |
| 2024 | 250 |
| 2025 | 268 |
| 2026 (part year) | 259 |
Papers that mention self-administration fell from 329 in 2021 to 250 in 2024, then rose to 268 in 2025. Part of this dip may come from PubMed's indexing rather than from fewer studies. When PubMed's indexing names a paper's species, we use it. Otherwise PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, has to find a species in the title or abstract, or the paper is not counted. Papers that PubMed indexed under the subject heading Animals also fell and rose, from 200,221 in 2021 to 156,447 in 2023 and 235,479 in 2025.
Rats led mice every year from 2001 to 2025.
Papers that mention self-administration, by species, 2001 to 2025
- Mouse
- Rat
Show the counts for each year and species
| Year | Mouse | Rat |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 19 | 97 |
| 2002 | 16 | 135 |
| 2003 | 20 | 115 |
| 2004 | 21 | 129 |
| 2005 | 26 | 140 |
| 2006 | 40 | 135 |
| 2007 | 37 | 189 |
| 2008 | 40 | 191 |
| 2009 | 43 | 173 |
| 2010 | 28 | 177 |
| 2011 | 37 | 198 |
| 2012 | 54 | 208 |
| 2013 | 48 | 235 |
| 2014 | 49 | 251 |
| 2015 | 51 | 226 |
| 2016 | 56 | 217 |
| 2017 | 56 | 227 |
| 2018 | 61 | 239 |
| 2019 | 49 | 227 |
| 2020 | 66 | 228 |
| 2021 | 84 | 238 |
| 2022 | 57 | 207 |
| 2023 | 73 | 188 |
| 2024 | 68 | 171 |
| 2025 | 66 | 172 |
Which species the papers used
Each bar is a share of the 1,399 papers from 2021 to 2025. A paper can use more than one species, so the shares can add to more than 100%.
Species
“Other animals” counts papers that use none of the species this chart names.
Strains and genetic lines
Strain names come from the MeSH terms PubMed adds when it indexes a paper. PubMed has indexed 1,160 of the 1,399 papers, so each bar is a share of those 1,160.
A paper indexed under two of these headings, such as knockout mice and a strain, counts under both.
Disease models in papers that mention self-administration
Each bar is one disease model, with how many of the 1,399 papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention self-administration use it, and what share that is. The model comes from the paper's MeSH terms, the subject headings the National Library of Medicine adds when it indexes a paper. A paper without MeSH terms gets its model from PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, if PubTator 3 finds the disease in the title or abstract. A paper can count under more than one model.
Papers from 2021 to 2025 by disease model
Tests mentioned alongside self-administration
Each bar is one test, with how many of the 1,399 papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention self-administration also mention it, and what share that is.
Papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention both tests
To count the papers that mention three or more tests together, start from self-administration in the test battery tool.
The most cited papers from 2021 to 2025
These papers from 2021 to 2025 mention self-administration and have the most citations, as counted by NIH's iCite on November 5, 2026. We show two of the five most cited papers and leave out three because of words in their titles.
Animal Models of Drug Relapse and Craving after Voluntary Abstinence: A Review.
Pharmacol Rev, 2021. 87 citations.
Nat Commun, 2023. 78 citations.
How we counted
A count is the number of animal research papers whose title or abstract mentions one of the test's search terms. It is not a count of experiments, labs or animals.
A paper that mentions self-administration only in its methods is missed, so the count runs low. The count includes 71 reviews. For 239 of the 1,399 papers, PubMed's indexing gave no species, so the species came from PubTator 3 finding one in the title or abstract.
The test's search terms are in the test list download. The full method, with each source and its terms of use, is on our main page, Behavioral tests in published research.
More reward and motivation tests
These reward and motivation tests also have a page, with their papers from 2021 to 2025. Each test with 30 or more papers gets one.
How to cite
APA
ConductScience. (2026, November 10). Self-administration in published research [Data set]. https://conductscience.com/resources/data/behavioral-tests/self-administration
BibTeX
@misc{conductscience_self_administration_2026,
author = {{ConductScience}},
title = {Self-administration in published research},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
url = {https://conductscience.com/resources/data/behavioral-tests/self-administration},
note = {Data set, released November 10, 2026},
}Apparatus for self-administration
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