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FIGURE 23. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 23. 3D renderings of the articulated braincase elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, slightly posteriorly rotated view of left side; B, detailed view of tympanic region; C, as B, with interpretative line drawings; D, strongly posteriorly rotated view of left side; E, detailed view on paracondylar region; F, as E, with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: atyr, anterior tympanic recess; boc, basioccipital; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; car, external foramen for the internal carotid artery (=vidian) canal; cif, crista interfenestralis; crtu, crista tuberalis; crvl, crista ventrolateralis; fm, foramen magnum; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpr, fenestra pseudorotunda (anteroposterior opening between labyrinth cavity and recessus scalae tympani); mcv, mid cerebral vein foramen; mvf, medial vagal foramen (connecting brain cavity with recessus scalae tympani); occ, occipital condyle; oto, otoccipital; orsc, orbitosphenoidal crest; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pcor, paracondylar recess; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; pvf, posterior vagal foramen; rst, recessus scalae tympani/tympanic region of middle ear; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen; XII, hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) foramina.
FIGURE 24. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 24. 3D renderings of the sagitally sectioned articulated braincase elements of the right side of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in medial view. A, complete rendering of right side; B, detailed view endocranial cavity; C, as A, with interpretative line drawings; D, as B, with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. White arrows indicate internal connections of basisphenoid recess not covered in section. Abbreviations: atyr, anterior tympanic recess; boc, basioccipital; bsr, basisphenoid recess; cif, crista interfenestralis; ds, dorsum sellae; flr, floccular recess opening; fm, foramen magnum; icc, internal carotid artery (=vidian) canal; lsp, laterosphenoid; mvf, medial vagal foramen (connecting brain cavity with recessus scalae tympani); osp, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pit, pituitary fossa; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; soc, supraoccipital; ssr, subsellar recess; vcm, vena capitis media foramen; II, medially open foramen for optic nerve (CN II); III, oculomotor nerve (CN III) foramen; IV, trochlear nerve (CN IV) foramen; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen; XII, hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) foramina.
FIGURE 22. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 22. 3D renderings of the articulated braincase elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, right lateral view; B, right lateral view with interpretative line drawings; C, left lateral view; D, left lateral view with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; atyr, anterior tympanic recess; avf, (anterior) vagal foramen (connecting recessus scalae tympani region with paracondylar recess via a vagal canal); boc, basioccipital; bt, basal tuber; cap, capitate process; car, external foramen for the internal carotid artery (=vidian) canal; cor, columella recess; cif, crista interfenestralis; crtu, crista tuberalis; cup, cultriform process; fov, fenestra ovalis; iop, interorbital process of the parabasisphenoid; lsp, laterosphenoid; mvf, medial vagal foramen (connecting brain cavity with recessus scalae tympani); occ, occipital condyle; opr, ophthalmic ridge defining groove for ophthalmic branch (CN V1); oto, otoccipital; orsc, orbitosphenoidal crest; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; rst, recessus scalae tympani/tympanic region of middle ear; soc, supraoccipital; II, medially open foramen for optic nerve (CN II); III, oculomotor nerve (CN III) foramen; IV, trochlear nerve (CN IV) foramen; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen.
FIGURE 33. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 33. 3D renderings of the left epipterygoid of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, medial view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: ptc, pterygoid contact; tanm, thickenend anterior margin.
FIGURE 35. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 35. 3D renderings of right surangular of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, medial view. Abbreviations: addf, adductor fossa; glf, glenoid fossa; lss, lateral surangular shelf; mics, medially inclined coronoid shelf; rap, retroarticular process. Note that the articular is fused with the surangular and thus segmented in a joint model with that bone.
FIGURE 21. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 21. 3D renderings of the articulated braincase elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, dorsal view; B, dorsal view with interpretative line drawings; C, ventral view; D, ventral view with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; boc, basioccipital; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; cap, capitate process; crtu, crista tuberalis; cup, cultriform process; ds, dorsum sellae; lsp, laterosphenoid; mlsp, medial laterosphenoid process; occ, occipital condyle; osp, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pit, pituitary fossa (sella turcica); pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; soc, supraocciptal; socc, supraoccipital crest; ssr, subsellar recess; vcm, vena capitis media foramen; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; VI, (posterior) foramen for abducens nerve (CN VI); VII–VIII, medial fossa for entry of facial nerve (CN VII) and optic nerve (CN VIII) into prootic; XII, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) foramen.
FIGURE 20. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 20. 3D renderings of the articulated braincase elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, anterior view; B, anterior view with interpretative line drawings; C, posterior view; D, posterior view with interpretative line drawings. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: aoc, antotic crest; boc, basioccipital; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; cap, capitate process; crtu, crista tuberalis; crvl, crista ventrolateralis; cup, cultriform process; ds, dorsum sellae; fm, foramen magnum; lsp, laterosphenoid; mlsp, medial laterosphenoid process; occ, occipital condyle; osp, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; orsc, orbitosphenoidal crest; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pcor, paracondylar recess; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ptf, posttemporal fenestra; pvf and XII, posterior vagal foramen and hypoglossal nerves (CN XII), see Figure 23 for details of this region; soc, supraoccipital; socc, supraoccipital crest; ssr, subsellar recess; vcm, vena capitis media foramen; I, olfactory nerve (CN I) foramen; II, optic nerve (CN II) foramen; III, oculomotor nerve (CN III) foramen; IV, trochlear nerve (CN IV) foramen; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; V1gr, ophthalmic groove for V1 branch.
FIGURE 19. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 19. 3D renderings of the left quadrate of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, anterior view; B, lateral view; C, posterior view; D, medial view; E, ventral view (anterior at top). Note that A–D are to same scale, E with separate scale bar. Dashed lines in E are approximate shapes of quadrate articulation condyles. Abbreviations: ecc, ectocondyle; enc, entocondyle; ics, intercondylar sulcus; ptw, pterygoid wing; qh, quadrate head; qjf, quadratojugal flange; qf, quadrate foramen; qfs, quadrate foramen spur; qsh, quadrate shaft; vqjc, ventral quadratojugal contact.
FIGURE 17. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 17. 3D renderings of the right quadratojugal of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, medial view. Abbreviations: jc, jugal contact; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qc, quadrate contact; sqp, squamosal process; sqr, squamosal ridge.
FIGURE 18. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 18. 3D renderings of the left squamosal of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, dorsal view. Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; drap, dorsal ramus of anterior process; emdl, emarginated dorsal lamina; lar, lateral ridge; mr, medial ridge; pogr, postorbital groove; qhf, quadrate head facet; qjp, quadratojugal process; qp, quadrate process; vrap, ventral ramus of anterior process.
FIGURE 7. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 7. 3D renderings of the fused nasals of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, dorsal view; B, left lateral view; C, ventral view. Abbreviations: apmxp, anterior premaxillary process; frc, frontal contact; lac, lacrimal contact; mxc, maxillary contact; nc, nasal crest; prfc, prefrontal contact; vmxp, ventral maxillary process.
FIGURE 14 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 14. Photograph of the braincase of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in posterior view. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: bpp, basipterygoid process of parabasisphenoid; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; crtu, crista tuberalis; fm, foramen magnum; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pvf, posterior vagal foramen; r.qj, right quadratojugal; socc, supraoccipital crest; vcm, vena capitis media foramen.
FIGURE 11 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 11. Close-up photograph of the lacrimal region of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in an earlier stage of preparation. Right lateral view. Arrows indicate the formerly more complete lamina on the dorsolateral aspect of the lacrimal. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; o, orbit; V, trigeminal nerve foramen (CN V).
FIGURE 16. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 16. 3D renderings of the right jugal of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, medial view. Abbreviations: drqjp, dorsal ramus of quadratojugal process; jmxp, maxillary process; jpop, postorbital process; lac, lacrimal contact; mxc, maxillary contact; mxcg, maxillary contact groove; poc, postorbital contact; qjc, quadratojugal contact; vrqjp, ventral ramus of quadratojugal process.
FIGURE 8 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 8. Photograph of posterior skull roof of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) in dorsal view. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Dashed lines mark sutures. Abbreviations: f, frontal; l, lacrimal; lsp, laterosphenoid; n, nasal; par, parietal; pop, paroccipital process; prf, prefrontal; soc, supraoccipital.
FIGURE 12. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 12. 3D renderings of the right and left frontals of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). Note that the interfrontal contact could not be identified in the CT data, but externally visible sutures on the specimen show that these bones are only partially fused (see Figure 8). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left lateral view; D, anterior view. Abbreviations: crcr, crista cranii; dmr, dorsal median ridge; lspc, laterosphenoid contact; nac, nasal contact; np, nasal process; olt, olfactory tract, poc, postorbital contact, stf, supratemporal fossa.
FIGURE 4 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 4. Interpretative line drawings of the re-arranged and articulated skull of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view without the lower jaw. Speculatively, grey silhouettes add unknown parts to the skull known from other spinosaurids. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; ep, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; lsp, laterosphenoid; m, maxilla; n, nasal; oto, otoccipital; par, parietal; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sur, surangular; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.
FIGURE 3 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 3. Interpretative line drawings of the re-arranged and articulated skull of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, anterior view; B, posterior view. Speculatively, grey silhouettes add unknown parts to the skull known from other spinosaurids. Abbreviations: an, angular; boc, basioccipital; ep, ectopterygoid; epi, epipterygoid; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; lsp, laterosphenoid; m, maxilla; n, nasal; oto, otoccipital; par, parietal; pbsp, parabasisphenoid; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pra, prearticular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sur, surangular; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal.
FIGURE 10 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 10. Close-up photographs of the lacrimal/prefrontal region of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, left posterolateral view; B, right posteroventral view. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Dashed lines mark sutures. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; f, frontal; l, lacrimal; l.po, left postorbital; o, orbit; prf, prefrontal.
FIGURE 6. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 6. 3D renderings of the right maxilla of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, lateral view with maxillary bone rendered transparent; C, medial view; D, medial view with maxillary bone rendered transparent; E, ventral view of tooth row fragment; F, ventral view with maxillary bone rendered transparent. Note different scale for E–F. Also note that tooth positions are numerically labelled but refer to preserved tooth position from anterior to posterior, not to anatomical tooth positions, which are unknown. Replacement teeth are highlighted with dashed lines in D, and different generations are indicated with prime (') or double prime (''). Arrows in A and C indicate approximate original position of tooth-bearing fragment. Abbreviations: acp, ascending process; jr, jugal ramus; lac, lacrimal contact; mw-prmr, medial wall of promaxillary recess; palgr, palatine groove; pdl, paradental lamina; prmr, promaxillary recess; rt, replacement tooth.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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