Research data · Disease model and test
Operant conditioning in substance use disorders research
From 2021 to 2025, 178 animal research papers on substance use disorders mentioned operant conditioning in their title or abstract.
That is 31% fewer than the 259 papers of 2011 to 2015. Between the same two periods, the papers on substance use disorders that mention any of the 90 tests we count fell 12%. The 2021 to 2025 count may run low because of a dip in PubMed's indexing, explained under the year chart.
Papers by year
Animal research papers on substance use disorders that mention operant conditioning, by year, 2001 to 2026
The 2026 bar counts papers added to PubMed by November 8, 2026.
- Papers in a full year
- 2026 so far
Show the counts for each year
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2001 | 37 |
| 2002 | 40 |
| 2003 | 40 |
| 2004 | 40 |
| 2005 | 38 |
| 2006 | 42 |
| 2007 | 54 |
| 2008 | 55 |
| 2009 | 58 |
| 2010 | 44 |
| 2011 | 43 |
| 2012 | 57 |
| 2013 | 52 |
| 2014 | 59 |
| 2015 | 48 |
| 2016 | 54 |
| 2017 | 58 |
| 2018 | 59 |
| 2019 | 43 |
| 2020 | 51 |
| 2021 | 49 |
| 2022 | 38 |
| 2023 | 24 |
| 2024 | 34 |
| 2025 | 33 |
| 2026 (part year) | 33 |
Papers on substance use disorders that mention operant conditioning fell from 49 in 2021 to 24 in 2023, then rose to 33 in 2025. Part of this dip may come from PubMed's indexing rather than from fewer studies. Where PubMed has indexed a paper, we take its disease models from that indexing. Otherwise PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, has to find the disease in the title or abstract, or the paper is not counted here. Papers that PubMed indexed under the subject heading Animals also fell and rose, from 200,221 in 2021 to 156,447 in 2023 and 235,479 in 2025.
Which species the papers used
Each bar is a share of the 178 papers from 2021 to 2025. A paper can use more than one species, so the shares can add to more than 100%.
Species
“Other animals” counts papers that use none of the species this chart names.
Tests mentioned alongside operant conditioning
Each bar is one test, with how many of the 178 papers also mention it, and what share that is. Of these papers, 53 (30%) mention no other test.
The 12 tests these papers mention most
Which papers count
A paper counts here when it is animal research, mentions operant conditioning in its title or abstract, and studies substance use disorders.
We tell whether a paper studies substance use disorders from its MeSH terms, the subject headings the National Library of Medicine adds when it indexes a paper. For a paper without MeSH terms, PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, has to find the disease in the title or abstract. A paper can count under more than one disease model. A paper that mentions the test only in its methods is missed, so the count runs low.
The page on substance use disorders research names the subject headings we count as substance use disorders. Download the test list for the search terms we used for operant conditioning, or the paper list for the PubMed ID of every paper behind these counts. Our main page, Behavioral tests in published research, has the full method and each source's terms of use.
More tests and disease models
Every pairing of a disease model and a test with 30 or more papers from 2021 to 2025 has a page like this one.
Papers on substance use disorders that mention other tests
The page on operant conditioning counts all the papers that mention it, whatever they study. The page on substance use disorders research ranks the tests by their papers on substance use disorders.
How to cite
APA
ConductScience. (2026, November 10). Operant conditioning in substance use disorders research [Data set]. https://conductscience.com/resources/data/behavioral-tests/models/substance-use/operant-conditioning
BibTeX
@misc{conductscience_substance_use_operant_conditioning_2026,
author = {{ConductScience}},
title = {Operant conditioning in substance use disorders research},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
url = {https://conductscience.com/resources/data/behavioral-tests/models/substance-use/operant-conditioning},
note = {Data set, released November 10, 2026},
}Operant conditioning apparatus in our store
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