Research data · Working memory

T-maze

Name: T-maze in published research
Creator: ConductScience
Published: 2026-11-10

From 2021 to 2025, 436 animal research papers mentioned the T-maze in their title or abstract, ranking it 30th of the 90 tests we track.

That is 1.1 times the 403 papers of 2011 to 2015. Papers that mention any of the 90 tests grew to 1.2 times as many over the same span.

Shop the apparatus See all 90 tests

436 animal research papers from 2021 to 2025 mentioned the test

1.1 times as many papers as in 2011 to 2015

30th of the 90 tests by papers from 2021 to 2025

41% of these papers used mice and 38% used rats

Papers by year

Animal research papers that mention the T-maze, by year, 2001 to 2026

The 2026 bar counts papers added to PubMed by November 8, 2026.

Papers in a full year
2026 so far

Show the counts for each year

Papers by year
Year	Papers
2001	44
2002	57
2003	47
2004	58
2005	57
2006	59
2007	68
2008	78
2009	53
2010	47
2011	78
2012	96
2013	73
2014	76
2015	80
2016	65
2017	78
2018	76
2019	91
2020	93
2021	76
2022	94
2023	89
2024	77
2025	100
2026 (part year)	74

Papers that mention the T-maze in mice and in rats, by year, 2001 to 2025

Mouse
Rat

Mouse Rat

Show the counts for each year and species

Papers by year, mice and rats
Year	Mouse	Rat
2001	12	31
2002	24	30
2003	13	20
2004	23	27
2005	22	28
2006	15	36
2007	16	47
2008	23	46
2009	11	37
2010	18	24
2011	25	46
2012	33	52
2013	28	41
2014	28	44
2015	27	47
2016	23	32
2017	32	36
2018	32	39
2019	32	38
2020	31	44
2021	37	19
2022	37	38
2023	37	37
2024	29	35
2025	38	35

Which species the papers used

Each bar is a share of the 436 papers from 2021 to 2025. A paper can use more than one species, so the shares can add to more than 100%.

Species

Mouse

178 41%

Rat

164 38%

Zebrafish

58 13%

Other animals

36 8%

Fruit fly

11 3%

Nonhuman primate

1 under 1%

“Other animals” counts papers that use none of the other species in this chart.

Strains and genetic lines

Strain names come from the MeSH terms PubMed adds when it indexes a paper. PubMed has indexed 334 of the 436 papers, so each bar is a share of those 334.

C57BL mice

50 15%

Wistar rats

44 13%

Sprague-Dawley rats

27 8%

Transgenic mice

19 6%

Knockout mice

14 4%

Long-Evans rats

9 3%

BALB/c mice

5 1%

ICR mice

3 1%

A paper indexed under two of these headings, such as knockout mice and a strain, counts under both.

Disease models these papers study

Each bar counts the papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention the T-maze and study that disease model, with its share of the 436 papers. The model comes from a paper's MeSH terms. For a paper PubMed has not indexed, it comes from PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, when that service finds the disease in the title or abstract. A paper can count under more than one model.

Papers from 2021 to 2025 by disease model

Cognitive impairment and dementia

140 32%

Alzheimer disease

55 13%

Anxiety

29 7%

Epilepsy and seizures

21 5%

Depression

17 4%

Obesity and high-fat diet

13 3%

Aging

11 3%

Diabetes

10 2%

Parkinson disease

10 2%

Stroke and brain ischemia

10 2%

Tests mentioned alongside the T-maze

Each bar counts the papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention both tests, with its share of the 436 papers that mention the T-maze.

Papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention both tests

Novel object recognition

80 18%

57 13%

34 8%

29 7%

23 5%

19 4%

19 4%

17 4%

The most cited papers from 2021 to 2025

These papers from 2021 to 2025 mention the T-maze and have the most citations, as counted by NIH's iCite on November 5, 2026.

Apparatus design and behavioural testing protocol for the evaluation of spatial working memory in mice through the spontaneous alternation T-maze.
Sci Rep, 2021. 130 citations.
Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate exposure to zebrafish causes neurodevelopmental toxicity and abnormal locomotor behavior.
Sci Total Environ, 2021. 74 citations.
BehaviorDEPOT is a simple, flexible tool for automated behavioral detection based on markerless pose tracking.
Elife, 2022. 55 citations.
Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Led to Learning and Memory Deficits in Zebrafish by Inducing Oxidative Damage and Aggravating Brain Aging.
Adv Healthc Mater, 2023. 54 citations.
AlCl3 induced learning and memory deficit in zebrafish.
Neurotoxicology, 2022. 52 citations.

How we counted

A count is the number of animal research papers whose title or abstract mentions one of the test's search terms. It is not a count of experiments, labs or animals.

A paper that mentions the T-maze only in its methods is missed, so the count runs low. The count includes 4 reviews. For 102 of the 436 papers, PubMed's indexing gave no species, so the species came from PubTator 3 finding one in the title or abstract.

The test's search terms are in the test list download. The full method, with each source and its terms of use, is on our main page, Behavioral tests in published research.

More working memory tests

These working memory tests also have a page, with their papers from 2021 to 2025. Each test with 30 or more papers gets one.

Y-maze 1,988

How to cite

APA

ConductScience. (2026, November 10). T-maze in published research [Data set]. https://conductscience.com/data/behavioral-tests/t-maze

BibTeX

@misc{conductscience_t_maze_2026,
  author = {{ConductScience}},
  title = {T-maze in published research},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  url = {https://conductscience.com/data/behavioral-tests/t-maze},
  note = {Data set, released November 10, 2026},
}

Apparatus for the T-maze

Our store sells two products for the T-maze.

Shop the apparatus

Papers that name our apparatus

We keep our own list of published papers whose text names our equipment. Those that mention the T-maze in the title or abstract are already in the counts above.

5 papers from 2021 to 2026 name our Automated T Maze. See the papers
5 papers from 2017 to 2025 name our T Maze. See the papers